Izinhlobonhlobo zamasekethe abashayeli kanye nokuxhumana kwawo

Ukukhetha umshayeli wesibani se-LED futhi, ngokuzayo, ukuyifaka ngendlela efanele, udinga ukuzijwayeza ngemidwebo nemingcele edingekayo. Idivayisi ekhethwe kahle ngeke nje yandise impilo yomkhiqizo, kodwa futhi ikugcinele imali.

Idivayisi yesibani se-LED

Amamodeli esibani se-diode aqala ukushintsha ajwayelekile. Ziyabiza, kodwa imingcele yazo yezobuchwepheshe iphakeme kakhulu kunamamodeli aphelelwe yisikhathi. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi zisebenza kanjani, udinga ukwazi idivayisi yesibani se-LED.
Iqukethe izakhi ezi-5 ezixhunywe esimweni esisodwa:

• I- Plinth –  i-element efakwe esikhotheni se-chandelier noma esinye isibani. Ikhishelwe:
  • ukusetshenziswa kwasekhaya isikulufu uhlobo E27 kanye E14, ezenziwe zethusi nge nickel anti-ukugqwala enamathela;
  • kwezinye izidingo, imithombo yokukhanya enesisekelo sephini iyakhiqizwa.
• Umshayeli  – isici esinzisa i-voltage engenayo futhi siguqule i-alternating current ukuze iqondise. Iphinde inikeze amandla ku-LED. Iqukethe izingxenye ezi-3:
  • ama-microchips;
  • i-pulse transformer;
  • ama-capacitors.

• I-heatsink iyisici esisusa ukushisa futhi sinikeze ama-LED izinga lokushisa elilungile lokusebenza. Ngokuvamile kwakha ingxenye ebonakalayo yomzimba.
• I-diffuser “i-  cap” ekhanyayo esiza ukusabalalisa ukukhanya emkhathini. Yenziwe ngendlela ye-hemisphere yokusabalalisa imisebe yokukhanya endaweni ebanzi. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ziyi-polycarbonate noma ipulasitiki. Ivimbela uthuli nomswakama ukungena endlini. Ukuze unciphise ubukhali bokukhanya futhi unciphise umphumela ocasulayo emehlweni, lesi sici simbozwe nge-phosphor kusuka ngaphakathi. Lokhu kufeza izinga lokushisa lombala elifana nokukhanya kwemvelo.
• Ama- LED ayisici esiyinhloko esisebenzayo sesibani, ngenxa yokuthi ukukhanya kuvela. Kunobuchwepheshe obu-4 obuyinhloko bokuhlanganisa ama-chip:
  • Ubuchwepheshe be-SMD buvame kakhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. I-crystal ibekwe phezu kwedivayisi yokukhanya;
  • I-DIP – isici esikhanyayo siqukethe i-crystal enamandla engu-1, phezu kwayo i-lens enamathiselwe;
  • I-Piranha – izithandwa zemboni yezimoto, kukhona othintana nabo abangu-4;
  • Ubuchwepheshe be-COB wuhlelo oluthuthukisiwe lokuxhuma i-chip ye-LED, inketho evikelwe kakhulu ekushiseni ngokweqile nasekufakweni kwe-oxidation.

Emikhiqizweni eshibhile, kungase kungabi khona umshayeli, esikhundleni salokho, kufakwa ugesi, onganikezi ukuqiniswa kwamanje noma ugesi.

Izinhlobonhlobo zamasekethe abashayeli nezici zawo

Abakhiqizi ikakhulukazi bakhiqiza abashayeli kumasekhethi ahlanganisiwe (ICs) akuvumela ukuthi usebenzise amandla kagesi aphansi. Zonke iziguquli zokukhanyisa kwe-LED ezikhona njengamanje zihlukaniswe zibe:

• idalwe ngesisekelo se-1÷3 transistors – elula;
• ngama-chips ane-PWM – eyinkimbinkimbi.

Umdwebo wezintambo zomshayeli we-LED ojwayelekile:
Ukuxhuma kugesi kanye nenani lama-LED akuwo kuthinta i-voltage ephumayo. Inani lamanje okufanele umshayeli alinikeze ngokuqondile lincike emandleni aphelele nokukhanya kwemisebe yabo. Amandla angabalwa kusetshenziswa ifomula: P = P(led) × n, lapho:

• P(led) amandla e-elementi eyodwa;
• n inombolo yezinto ze-LED.

Amaphuzu abalulekile:

• Ukulinganisa okuqondile okwamanje kuyipharamitha eyinhloko yanoma iyiphi i-LED. Ukukuthatha kancane, silahlekelwa ukukhanya, futhi ukukucabangela ngokweqile, sehlisa kakhulu impilo yesevisi.
• Amandla kagesi anikezwe kudatha yedatha ye-LED awanqumi futhi abonisa kuphela ukuthi mangaki amavolthi azokwehla kuma-pn junction lapho ukugeleza kwamanje okulinganiselwe. Incazelo yawo kumele yaziwe.
• Ukuxhuma ama-LED anamandla amakhulu, isistimu yokupholisa yekhwalithi ephezulu ibalulekile. Uma ufaka ama-LED asebenzisa amandla angaphezu kuka-0.5 W kurediyetha, umsebenzi ozinzile wesikhathi eside uzoqhubeka.

Ukuxhuma ama-LED kumshayeli:

Qinisekisa ukuthi ucabangela isici sombala womthengi lapho ubala, njengoba kuthinta ukwehla kwe-voltage.

Ngokwekhwalithi yomshayeli, zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezi-3:

• izinga eliphansi, sebenza kuze kufike emahoreni ayizinkulungwane ezingu-20;
• ngemingcele evamile – kufika emahoreni ayizinkulungwane ezingu-50;
• isiguquli, esihlanganisa izingxenye zemikhiqizo eyaziwayo – amahora ayizinkulungwane ezingu-70 nangaphezulu.

Ngama-capacitor ukunciphisa i-voltage

I-Capacitor C1 ivikela ekuphazamisekeni kwamapayipi, futhi i-C4 ishelela ama-ripples. Okwamanje i-current isetshenziswa, i-resistors engu-2 – i-R2 ne-R3 – ikhawule futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ivikele kumjikelezo omfushane, futhi isici se-VD1 siguqula i-voltage eshintshanayo. Lapho ukunikezwa kwamanje kuma, i-capacitor ikhishwa ngosizo lwe-resistor R4. U-R2, u-R3 no-R4 awusetshenziswa yibo bonke abakhiqizi.
Amaminithi:

1. Ukushisa kwe- diode , njengoba ukuzinza kokunikezwa kwamanje akubonwa. I-voltage yokulayisha incike ngokuphelele ku-voltage yokuhlinzeka.
2. Akukho ukuhlukaniswa kwe-galvanic , kunengozi yokushaqeka kukagesi. Akunconywa ukuthinta izakhi zamanje eziphethe ngesikhathi sokuhlakazwa kwezibani, njengoba zingaphansi kwesigaba.
3. Cishe akunakwenzeka ukufeza imisinga yokukhanya okuphezulu , ngoba lokhu kuzodinga ukwanda kwamandla ama-capacitor.

With umshayeli wamawala

Ivikela ekukhuphukeni kwamandla kanye nokuphazamiseka kwenethiwekhi. Isibonelo imodeli ye-CPC9909. Ukusebenza kahle kufinyelela ku-98% – inkomba lapho umuntu angakhuluma ngempela ngokonga kwamandla nokonga.
Idivayisi inganikwa amandla ngokuqondile kusuka ku-voltage ephezulu – kuze kufike ku-550 V, njengoba umshayeli efakwe i-stabilizer eyakhelwe ngaphakathi.

I-microcircuit isetshenziselwa ngempumelelo ukuthuthukiswa kwezimo eziphuthumayo kanye namanethiwekhi wamandla okukhanyisa isipele, njengoba ifanele ama-boost converter circuits.

Ekhaya, ngokusekelwe ku-CPC9909, amalambu asebenza ngebhethri noma izishayeli ezinamandla angeqi ku-25 V zivame ukuhlanganiswa. Isibonelo, i-chip ye-MAX16833 inobubanzi be-voltage yokufaka ye-5 kuya ku-65 V, kuyilapho i-MAX16822 inobubanzi be-voltage ye-6.5 kuya ku-65 V. Amanye ama-chips akuvumela ukuthi usethe imvamisa yokuguqulwa kusuka ku-20 kHz kuya ku-2 MHz. Izilawuli ze-LED ze-MAX16801 ne-MAX16802 ze-LED zikuvumela ukuthi udizayine isiguquli se-DC/DC esinokufika kokungu-10A wamanje okukhiphayo. Izishayeli ze-LED ze-MAX16807, MAX16809, MAX16838, kanye ne-MAX16814 zihlinzeka ngobubanzi bokulungisa obuphumayo obungu-1:5000. Iningi lokushintsha abashayeli be-LED likuvumela ukuthi ukhethe i-topology yesifunda esezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu ukuze usebenze kakhulu.

Ngomshayeli ongacimeki

I-dimmer isetshenziselwa ukushintsha ngokushelela ukuqina kwesibani. Enye yemingcele eyinhloko amandla. Inombolo enkulu yezibani ezixhunywe kuyo incike emandleni. Ukulungisa ukukhanya kwezinto zokukhanyisa kukuvumela ukuthi usethe izinga elifunayo lokukhanyisa ekamelweni. Ikhululekile:

• lapho udala izindawo ezihlukene;
• ukunciphisa ukukhanya kokukhanya emini;
• ukugqamisa izinto zangaphakathi.

Zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu ngokuya ngohlobo lokulawula:

• okomshini;
• inkinobho yokucindezela;
• kude.

Ngosizo lwe-dimmer, ukusetshenziswa kukagesi kuba okunengqondo, futhi impilo yesevisi yezinto zikagesi iyanda.

Kunezinhlobo ezi-2:

• Ngokulawula kwe-PWM. Zifakwe phakathi kwesibani kanye nokunikezwa kwamandla. Amandla anikezwa ngesimo se-pulses yesikhathi esihlukile.
• Ukubuka kwe-2. Asetshenziswa kumadivayisi anesimanje esizinzile futhi athinta umthombo wamandla ngokwawo.

I-e14 dimmable LED isibani sikulungele kahle ukuqedela amasistimu azenzakalelayo. Bhekana nokusebenza komthombo wokukhanya. Zifunwa kakhulu ngabathengi. 14 ububanzi besisekelo sesibani, esivezwe ngamamilimitha. Namuhla, lawa ma-bulb atholakala ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene:

• ibhola;
• iconsi;
• ikhandlela;
• ikhowe.

Umdwebo wokuxhumeka komshayeli wama-LED

Kunezinhlobo ezi-3 zokuxhuma, ake sibheke isibonelo ngabathengi abangu-6. Ukulahlekelwa kwamandla kagesi kungu-3 V, ukusetshenziswa kwamanje kungu-300 mA:

• ngokungaguquki;
• ukuhambisana;
• ngokulandelana ngo-2.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezikimu:

• I-Microchip esekelwe. I-PT4115 inephinikhodi ehlukile yokulawula ukuvula nokuvala ama-LED. Usebenzisa le phinikhodi, ungathola kalula isishayeli se-LED esingacimeki. Umshayeli ongacimeki utholwa ngokushintsha izinga elingase libe khona kuphinikhodi ye-DIM (ukusebenza komshayeli okuqhubekayo), noma ngokusebenzisa isignali yokushaya yomjikelezo ofunekayo kuyo (imodi ye-pulse enomphumela we-stroboscopic). Esimweni sokugcina, izinga eliphezulu lokuphindaphinda kwe-pulse ngu-50 kHz.
• Ukuvula okubushelelezi kwama-LED, uma i-capacitor ixhunywe phakathi kwephinikhodi ye-DIM nephansi. Isikhathi sokufinyelela ekukhanyeni okuphezulu sizoncika ku-capacitance ye-capacitor, enkulu kakhulu, isibani sizovutha isikhathi eside, ngokulandelana.
• Nge-voltage dimmer engashintshi. Isebenza ngenxa yokuthi ngaphakathi kwe-microcircuit iphinikhodi ye-DIM “idonselwa phezulu” ebhasini elingu-5 V ngesixhasi esingu-200 kΩ. Uma isilayidi se-potentiometer sisendaweni yaso ephakeme kakhulu, kwakheka isihlukanisi se-voltage esingu-200 + 200 kΩ futhi amandla angu-5/2 = 2.5 V akhiwa kuphinikhodi ye-DIM, ehambisana nokukhanya okungu-100%.
• Ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa kwe-galvanic . Elula futhi enokwethenjelwa. Isihlukanisi sisekelwe ku-capacitance. I-electrolytic capacitor ishelela ama-ripples ngemva kokulungiswa. I-L7812 iyizinza ngokwayo.

Abashayeli baklanyelwe ukushelela konke ukukhuphuka kwamanje ohlelweni lukagesi. Ukukhetha kwabo noma ukuzihlanganisa kufanele kusondele ngokuzibophezela futhi kuphela ngemuva kokubala yonke imingcele edingekayo. Izikimu zomshayeli zizokusiza ukuthi ukhethe idivayisi efanele futhi uyifake ngendlela efanele.