Uyini umshayeli wezibani eziholelekile, indlela yokukhetha nokuhlola le divayisi?

Amasekethe e-elekthronikhi akhethekile – abashayeli – akuvumela ukuthi unwebe impilo yama-LED, wenze umfaniswano wabo okhanyayo futhi ube nekhwalithi ephezulu. Sizofunda ukuthi le divayisi isebenza kanjani, indlela yokukhetha nokuyifaka ngendlela efanele, nokuthi ungayenza kanjani ngokwakho.

Uyini umshayeli futhi kungani edingeka?

Ama-LED azwela kakhulu ekushintsheni kwemingcele ye-mains, ngakho-ke axhunywe kunethiwekhi ngomshayeli – idivayisi ye-elekthronikhi elawula okwamanje kanye ne-voltage. Ngokuvamile, umshayeli wesibani esiholelekile ukhethwa nge-margin yamandla futhi ecabangela ububanzi be-voltage ephumayo kanye namanje. Uma imingcele yayo ingalingani nedivayisi ye-LED, izoba yinto engasebenziseki, kuzodingeka ilahlwe.

Isimiso sokusebenza, isifunda sakudala kanye nomehluko ovela kumandla kagesi

Nakuba umshayeli evame ukubizwa ngokuthi ugesi, kunomehluko phakathi kwalokhu kokubili. Umshayeli ungumthombo wamanje ogcina inani lawo eliqhubekayo lokudlula ku-LED, futhi ukunikezwa kwamandla kugcina i-voltage ezinzile. Cabanga ukuthi ukunikezwa kwamandla kusebenza kanjani esibonelweni esithile:

• Xhuma ukumelana (R) kwama-ohms angu-40 kumthombo ongu-12 V.
• Vumela i-current (I) engu-300 mA igeleze ku-resistor. Njengoba kufakwe ama-resistors amabili, okwamanje kuzophindeka kabili ku-600 mA. Kulokhu, i-voltage ngeke ishintshe, ngoba inobudlelwano obulinganayo nezamanje kanye nokumelana (umthetho we-Ohm I \u003d U / R).

Manje ake sibone ukuthi umshayeli usebenza kanjani:

• Vumela i-resistor engu-30 Ω (R) ifakwe kusekethe nomshayeli ongu-225 mA.
• Uma, ku-voltage (U) ye-12 V, ama-resistors amabili angu-30 Ohm axhunywe ngokuhambisana axhunyiwe, okwamanje izohlala ifana – 225 mA, futhi i-voltage izoba ingxenye enkulu – 6 V.

Umshayeli ekugcineni uhlinzeka ngomthwalo ngokukhiphayo okunikeziwe wamanje, kungakhathaliseki ukuphakama kwamandla. Ngakho-ke, ama-LED, azohlinzekwa nge-voltage engu-6 V, azokhanya ngokugqamile njengomthombo we-10 V, uma izinga elinikeziwe lamanje lisetshenziswa kuwo. Isekethe yomshayeli we- LED
: Isekethe yomshayeli iqukethe ama-node amathathu axhumene:

• amandla okuhlukanisa i-voltage;
• ukulungisa module;
• isizinzisi.

Indlela isekethe isebenza ngayo:

1. Uma i-current idluliswa, i-capacitor C iyashajwa ize ishajwe ngokugcwele. Uma umthamo wayo umncane, uzoshaja ngokushesha.
2. I-alternating current iguqulwa ibe yi-pulsating. Ingxenye yokuqala yegagasi ilula njengoba idlula ku-capacitor C.
3. I-electrolytic capacitor eqeda umjikelezo isebenza njengesihlungi esibushelelezi.

Imininingwane

Uma uthenga isibani se-LED, kungase kudingeke uthenge umshayeli uma idivayisi yokukhanyisa ingenayo i-converter yamanje. Izici eziyinhloko:

• umphumela wamanje, A;
• amandla okusebenza, W;
• I-voltage ephumayo, V.

I-voltage ephumayo ingase ihluke. Kuncike ohlelweni lokuxhuma amandla kanye nenani lama-LED. Izinga lokukhanya namandla lincike kubukhulu bamanje. Ukuze ama-diode akhanye ngokugqamile futhi angafihli, okwamanje ekuphumeni komshayeli kugcinwa ezingeni elinikeziwe. Amandla esiguquli kufanele abe phezulu kancane kunenani eliphelele lama-watts awo wonke ama-diode. Ukubala amandla omshayeli, ifomula isetshenziswa: P \u003d P (eholayo) × X lapho:

• I-P (led) ingamandla e-LED eyodwa;
• U-X inombolo yama-diode.

Uma amandla abaliwe abe ngu-10 W, umshayeli kufanele athathwe nge-margin ye-20-30%.

Izinhlobo zabashayeli

Bonke abashayeli bahlukaniswa ngokwemibandela emithathu – ngokwendlela yokuqiniswa, izici zokuklama kanye nokuba khona / ukungabikho kokuvikela. Ake sicabangele zonke izinketho ngokuningiliziwe.

Umugqa kanye nomfutho

Ngokuya ngesifunda sokuzinza samanje, abashayeli bahlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili – i-linear ne-pulse. Zihlukene ngokomgomo wokusebenza nokusebenza kahle. Ngaphambi komjikelezo we-elekthronikhi womshayeli, umsebenzi wawusethiwe – ukuqinisekisa amanani azinzile wamanje kanye ne-voltage enikezwe i-crystal (LED). Inketho elula futhi eshibhile ukufaka i-resistor ekhawulelayo kumjikelezo. Isikimu samandla esilayini:
Le sekethi eyisisekelo ayikwazi ukuhlinzeka ngokulungiswa kwamanje okuzenzakalelayo. Ngokunyuka kwe-voltage, ikhula ngokulinganayo futhi, uma idlula inani elivumelekile, i-crystal izowa kusukela ekushiseni ngokweqile. Ukulawula okuyinkimbinkimbi okwengeziwe kwenziwa ngokufaka i-transistor kumjikelezo. Ukungalungi kwesekethe yomugqa ukwehla kwamandla ngokukhuphuka kwe-voltage. Le nketho ivumelekile uma usebenzisa imithombo eholwa amandla aphansi, kodwa uma usebenzisa ama-LED anamandla amakhulu, izifunda ezinjalo azisetshenziswa. Izinzuzo zesikimu somugqa:

• ubulula;
• ukushibhile;
• ukwethembeka okuhlobene.

Kanye namasekethe aqondile, i-current ne-voltage ingaqiniswa ngokuqiniswa kwe-pulse:

• ngemva kokucindezela inkinobho, i-capacitor ikhokhiswa;
• ngemva kokukhulula, i-capacitor ikhipha, inikeze amandla agciniwe ku-element semiconductor (LED), eqala ukukhipha ukukhanya;
• uma i-voltage ikhuphuka, khona-ke isikhathi sokushaja se-capacitor siyancipha, uma siwa, siyanda.

Umsebenzisi akudingeki acindezele inkinobho – izinto zikagesi zimenzela yonke into. Indima yemishini yenkinobho ekunikezeni amandla esimanje yenziwa ama-semiconductors – thyristors noma transistors. Umgomo ocatshangelwayo wokusebenza ubizwa ngokuthi i-pulse-width modulation ku-electronics. Amashumi ngisho nezinkulungwane zokusebenza kungenzeka ngomzuzwana. Ukusebenza kahle kohlelo olunjalo kufinyelela ku-95%. Isikimu esenziwe lula sokuzinzisa umfutho:

I-electronic, dimmable kanye ne-capacitor esekelwe

Ububanzi bokusebenza kwayo kanye nezici zokusebenza kuncike kumgomo wedivayisi yomshayeli. Izinhlobo zabashayeli ngokuya ngesimiso sedivayisi:

• I-elekthronikhi. Amasekethe abo asebenzisa i-transistor. I-capacitor ifakwa lapho iphuma khona, isusa noma okungenani ishelele ama-ripples amanje. Iziguquli ze-elekthronikhi ziyakwazi ukuzinzisa imisinga efinyelela ku-750 mA. Abashayeli bohlobo lwe-elekthronikhi abazabalazi kuphela ngama-ripples, kodwa futhi nokuphazanyiswa kwe-electromagnetic high-frequency okubangelwa izinto zikagesi (umsakazo, i-TV, i-router, njll.). Ukunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kuvumela ukuba khona kwe-ceramic capacitor ekhethekile. I-minus yomshayeli we-elekthronikhi yizindleko eziphezulu, kanye nokusebenza kahle kusondele ku-95%. Zisetshenziswa kumalambu anamandla anamandla: izibani zemoto, izibani, izibani zomgwaqo.
• Iyacimeka. Isici sabashayeli abacimekayo yikhono lokulawula ukukhanya kwesibani. Ukulungiswa kusekelwe ekushintsheni kokuphumayo kwamanje, okunquma ukukhanya kokugeleza kokukhanya. Umshayeli angafakwa kumjikelezo ngezindlela ezimbili: phakathi kwesibani kanye ne-stabilizer noma phakathi komthombo wamandla kanye nesiguquli.
• I-Capacitor esekelwe. Lawa amamodeli ashibhile asetshenziselwa ukulungiswa kwe-LED okungabizi kakhulu. Uma umenzi engazange anikeze i-capacitor ebushelelezi kumjikelezo, khona-ke i-ripple ibonwa ekuphumeni. Okunye okubi wukungabi bikho kwezokuphepha. Inzuzo yamamodeli anjalo ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ijwayele ku-100%, nokulula kwesifunda. Abashayeli abanjalo kulula ukuhlangana ngezandla zakho.

Izishayeli ze-Capacitor zingabangela ukucwayiza ngakho-ke azinconywa ukuthi zisetshenziswe nezinto zikagesi zasendlini. I-Flicker ithinta kabi umbono futhi icasula isimiso sezinzwa.

Ngomzimba nangaphandle

Umshayeli angafakwa noma angafakwa ngaphakathi kwebhokisi elivikelayo. Ama-circuits e-elekthronikhi asengozini ezicini eziningi zangaphandle, ngakho-ke ukubeka umshayeli ecaleni kubhekwa njengendlela ethembekile kakhulu. Izindlu zivikela isiguquli se-elekthronikhi kumswakama, uthuli, ilanga eliqondile, njll. Amamodeli angapakishiwe ashibhile, kodwa anempilo yesevisi emfushane kanye nokuzinza okubi kakhulu kokusebenza. Zifaneleka kakhulu ekufakweni kwe-flush.

Okuhle kakhulu ngaphambi kosuku

Umshayeli ukalwe cishe amahora angama-30,000. Lokhu kungaphansi kancane kunempilo elinganiselwe yezinto eziningi ze-LED. Ukuncipha okunjalo kuhlotshaniswa nezici ezingezinhle lapho isizinzisi samanje kufanele sisebenze. Yini ethinta kabi ukusebenza komshayeli:

• ukukhuphuka kwamandla;
• izinga lokushisa kanye/noma umswakama uyashintsha.

Uma into engu-200 W ilayishwe ngo-100 W, khona-ke u-50% yenani elivamile libuyiselwa kunethiwekhi. Lokhu kungabangela ukugcwala ngokweqile kanye nokwehluleka kwamandla.

Ukuphila komshayeli kunqunyelwe ukuphila kwe-capacitor ebushelelezi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-electrolyte iyahwamuka kuyo, futhi idivayisi iyahluleka.

Ukwengeza isikhathi sokusebenza komshayeli, kufanele kuqhutshwe emakamelweni anomswakama ojwayelekile (hhayi phezulu), futhi axhunywe kunethiwekhi enezinga eliphezulu le-voltage ngaphandle kokuhlinzwa.

Ungakhetha kanjani umshayeli wesibani se-LED?

Uma ixhunywe kusinzinzisi samanje, ama-semiconductors athola amandla awadingayo futhi afinyelele izici zawo ezivamile. Impilo yesevisi yama-diode incike ekutheni umshayeli ukhethwe kanjani ngendlela efanele. Yimaphi amapharamitha okufanele uwanake:

• Amandla. Inquma umthamo omkhulu ovumelekile idivayisi owakhelwe wona. Isibonelo, ukumaka (20×26)x1W kusho ukuthi ama-LED angama-20 kuye kwangama-26 angaxhunywa kumshayeli ngesikhathi esisodwa, ngalinye linamandla angu-1 W.
• Amanje kanye ne-voltage (amanani ajwayelekile). Abakhiqizi babonisa le parameter ku-LED ngayinye, kungenxa yayo ukuthi umshayeli ukhethwa. Uma isilinganiso esiphezulu samanje singu-350mA, ugesi ongu-300-330mA kufanele uxhunywe. Uhlu olunjalo lwemisinga yokusebenza likuvumela ukuthi uqinisekise impilo yeshalofu yesibani, enikezwe umenzi.
• Isigaba sokuvikela. Kuya kule nkomba lapho izibani zingasetshenziswa khona – ngaphandle noma ngaphakathi. Isigaba sokumelana nomswakama kanye nokucinana kuboniswa yizinhlamvu ze-IP futhi zivezwa ngezinombolo ezimbili. Idijithi yokuqala isetshenziselwa ukwahlulela isivikelo ezingxenyeni eziqinile (uthuli, ukungcola, isihlabathi, iqhwa), okwesibili – kusuka ku-liquid media. Isigaba sokuvikela asibonisi izinga lokushisa lapho ukukhanya kungasetshenziswa khona.
• Uhlaka. Umshayeli angaba nekesi lensimbi elinezimbobo elivuliwe noma elivaliwe. Esimweni sesibili, idivayisi ifakwe ebhokisini lensimbi. Ukusetshenziswa kwasekhaya, i-plastic case engavaliwe ifanelekile.
• Isimiso sokusebenza. I-resistor ekhawulelayo ayikuqedi ukuguquguquka kwamandla kagesi kumapayipi amakhulu futhi ayivikeli emsindweni oshukumisayo. Ushintsho oluncane lwamandla kagesi luholela ekwenyukeni okungazelelwe kwamandla. Izilawuli ze-Linear zibhekwa njengezingathembeki futhi abashayeli abasebenzayo abaphansi, ukushintshwa kwama-circuits kuyathandwa.

Ungahlola kanjani ukuthi iyasebenza?

Ukuze uhlole umshayeli ngaphandle komthwalo, kwanele ukusebenzisa i-220 V kokufakwayo kwebhulokhi. Uma idivayisi isebenza kahle, i-voltage eqhubekayo izovela ekuphumeni. Inani layo lizoba likhulu kancane kunomkhawulo ophezulu oboniswe kulebula yomshayeli. Uma, isibonelo, i-stabilizer inobubanzi be-27-37 V, khona-ke okukhiphayo kufanele kube mayelana ne-40 V. Ukugcina okwamanje ebangeni elinikeziwe, njengoba ukumelana nomthwalo kukhula (kuvame ukungapheli ngaphandle komthwalo), i-voltage futhi ikhula ifinyelele emkhawulweni othile. Le ndlela yokuqinisekisa ilula futhi iyafinyeleleka, kodwa ayikuvumeli ukwenza iziphetho ezicacile mayelana nokusebenziseka okungu-100% kwedivayisi. Kukhona abashayeli okuthi uma sebevulwe bengalayishiwe bangaqali noma baziphathe ngendlela engaqondakali. Inketho yokuhlola okwesibili:

1. Xhuma i-resistor ekuphumeni komshayeli, ukhethe ukumelana kwayo ngokusekelwe emthethweni we-Ohm. Isibonelo, amandla omshayeli angama-20 W, ukukhishwa kwamanje ngu-600 mA, i-voltage ingu-25-35 V. Ukumelana okufunayo kuzoba ngu-38-58 ohms.
2. Khetha ukumelana nebanga elishiwo kanye namandla afanele. Ngisho noma incane, khona-ke lokhu kwanele ukuqinisekiswa.
3. Xhuma i-resistor futhi ulinganise i-voltage ephumayo ngesihloli. Uma ingaphakathi kwemikhawulo ebekiwe, khona-ke umshayeli uyasebenza nakanjani.

Lapho usesha ukuphuka, kuyadingeka ukucabangela isimiso somklamo wesifunda. Kumasekhethi emigqa kanye ne-pulse, ukuphuka kungahlotshaniswa nezinkinga ezithile. Ukungasebenzi kahle okungenzeka:

• Ku-stabilizers eqondile , i-pair of resistors enokumelana kwe-5 kuya ku-100 ohms isetshenziselwa ukuvikela ngokumelene nokwehla kwamandla kagesi. Eyodwa isekufakweni kwebhuloho le-diode, eyesibili isekuphumeni. Ukuze unciphise ukucwayiza, i-capacitor-electrolyte yomthamo omkhulu iyavulwa ngokuhambisana nomthwalo. Ukuhluleka komshayeli olayini kungase kuhlotshaniswe nokushiswa kwesici esisodwa noma ezimbili zokuvikela ngesikhathi esisodwa.
• Ku-converter yamanje ye-pulse, ama- microcircuits avikelwe ekulayisheni ngokweqile, ekushiseni ngokweqile nase-overvoltage futhi, ngokombono, awakwazi ukuphuka. Eqinisweni, noma iyiphi i-microcircuit, ikakhulukazi kumashayeli enziwe eShayina, ingaba yinto engasetshenziswa. Inkinga ihlanganiswa yiqiniso lokuthi ama-chips amaningi aseShayina kunzima ukuthola ukushintshwa. Ezinye zazo azitholakali ngisho naku-inthanethi.

Ukuxhumana

Ukuxhuma umshayeli kuma-LED akubangeli ubunzima kubasebenzisi, ngoba kukhona ukumaka okudingekayo emzimbeni wayo. Indlela yokuxhuma umshayeli:

1. Faka i-voltage yokufaka ezintanjeni zokufaka (INPUT).
2. Xhuma ama-LED ezintanjeni eziphumayo (OUTPUT).

Lapho uxhuma, bheka i-polarity:

• Okokufaka kwe-Polar (INPUT). Uma umshayeli enikwe amandla yi-voltage engaguquki, bese uxhuma okukhiphayo “+” esigxotsheni esifanayo somthombo wamandla. Uma i-voltage ingu-AC, qaphela izimpawu ezintanjeni zokufaka. Kunezinketho ezimbili:
  • “L” kanye “N”. Faka isigaba kokuphumayo “L” (sithole ngesikulufidi esikhomba), siye kokuthi “N” – zero.
  • “~”, “AC” noma akukho ukumaka – awukwazi ukubona i-polarity.
• I-Polar output (OUTPUT). Qaphela i-polarity ngaso sonke isikhathi. Xhuma intambo ethi “+” ku-anode ye-LED yokuqala, “-” ku-cathode yokugcina. Wonke ama-semiconductors axhunywe ochungechungeni – i-anode elandelayo ixhunywe ku-cathode yangaphambili.

Kukhona inketho yesibili yokuxhuma ama-LED – amaketanga amaningana aqukethe inani elilinganayo lama-diode axhunywe ngokuhambisana. Uma ixhunywe ochungechungeni, zonke izici zikhanya ngendlela efanayo, ngenguqulo ehambisanayo, imigqa ingaba nokukhanya okuhlukile.

Indlela yokwenza umshayeli wesibani se-LED ngezandla zakho?

Umshayeli angenziwa ngeshaja yocingo endala. Kudingeka kuphela ukwenza izinguquko ezincane ku-chip. Umkhiqizo onjalo owenziwe ekhaya wanele ukunika amandla ama-LED ama-3 ngamandla we-1 W ngalinye. Cabangela isinyathelo ngesinyathelo ukuhlanganisa umshayeli kusuka kushaja yefoni:

1. Khipha ikesi kushaja.
2. Usebenzisa i-ayina e-soldering, khipha isixhasi esikhawulela amandla kagesi ahlinzekwe ocingweni.
3. Esikhundleni se-resistor edayisiwe, faka i-resistor yokulungisa. Ibeke ku-5,000 ohms.
4. Solder ama-LED ngochungechunge esiteshini okukhiphayo.
5. Khipha iziteshi zokufaka bese udayisela intambo yamandla engu-220V esikhundleni salokho.
6. Hlola ukusebenza kwesekethe ngokusetha i-voltage ku-resistor ngesilawuli ukuze ama-diode ashise ngokugqamile, kodwa angashintshi imibala.

Lapho wenza umsebenzi wokwenza i-diver eshaja, kufanele uhambisane nemithetho yezokuphepha. Uma uthinta izingxenye ezingenalutho, ungathola ukushaqeka okunamandla kagesi.

Umshayeli angakhiwa kusukela ekuqaleni. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga i-soldering iron, i-tester, izintambo kanye ne-stabilizer edidiyelwe KR142EN12A (noma i-analogue yangaphandle – LM317), engathengwa kunoma yisiphi isitolo esikhethekile ngama-ruble angu-20. Imingcele ye-microcircuit ethengiwe yi-40 V futhi 1.5 I-current. Inesivikelo esakhelwe ngaphakathi esilayisha, ukushisa ngokweqile kanye nesekhethi emfishane. I-microcircuit iqinisa i-voltage, futhi umshayeli ulinganisa okwamanje, ngakho-ke uzodinga ukwenza izinguquko kumjikelezo ojwayelekile wokuxhuma i-microcircuit. Umshayeli ku-stabilizer edidiyelwe:
Kulokhu, umsebenzi we-microcircuit wukulawula, ngenxa yokuthi okwamanje kuzogcinwa ezingeni elidingekayo. Inani lamanje linqunywa ukumelana kwe-resistor R1. Inani layo elivamile libalwa ngefomula: R = 1.2 / I, lapho:

• R – ukumelana, Ohm;
• I-manje, A.

I-oda lokwakha umshayeli:

1. Hlanganisa isilawuli samanje esingu-9.9 V esinomthamo wama-300 mA. Bese kuba ngu-R1 \u003d 1.2 / 0.3 \u003d 4 ohms. Amandla okumelana – kusuka ku-4 watts. Ungathatha ama-resistors asetshenziswa kuma-TV. Angathengwa nasezitolo. Amandla alezi zici 2 W, ukumelana 1-2 ohms.
2. Xhuma ama-resistors ochungechungeni. Ukumelana kwabo kuzokwengeza futhi kuzolingana no-2-4 ohms.
3. Namathisela i-chip ku-heatsink bese uxhuma umjikelezo wama-diode axhumeke ngochungechunge ekuphumeni komshayeli. Qaphela i-polarity lapho uxhuma ama-LED.
4. Faka i-voltage engaguquki engu-12-40 V kokokufaka (idivayisi yakhelwe i-9.9 V, ngakho-ke siyithatha nge-margin). Akufanelekile ukweqa inani elilinganiselwe – i-microcircuit ingashisa. I-voltage enikeziwe ingase ingaqiniswa. Ungasebenzisa ibhethri lemoto, ugesi wekhompuyutha ephathekayo noma i-transformer eyehlayo enebhuloho le-diode. Xhuma umshayeli, bheka i-polarity – umsebenzi usuphelile.

Ngenxa yabashayeli, akunakwenzeka nje ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezibani ze-LED, kodwa futhi nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwabo okude, okungaphazamiseki. Uma kucatshangelwa izindleko zokulungiswa kwe-LED, ukusetshenziswa kwabashayeli kuba yisixazululo esingabizi kakhulu.