Uyintoni umqhubi wezibane ezikhokelwayo, indlela yokukhetha kunye nokukhangela esi sixhobo?

Iisekethe ezikhethekileyo ze-elektroniki – abaqhubi – bakuvumela ukuba wandise ubomi bee-LED, wenze iyunifomu yabo ekhanyayo kunye nomgangatho ophezulu. Siza kufunda indlela esi sixhobo sisebenza ngayo, indlela yokukhetha nokuyifaka ngokuchanekileyo, kunye nendlela yokwenza ngokwakho.

Yintoni umqhubi kwaye kutheni ifuneka?

Ii-LED zivakalelwa kakhulu kwiinguqu kwiiparameters ze-mains, ngoko zixhunyiwe kwinethiwekhi ngomqhubi – isixhobo sombane esilawula i-current and voltage. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umqhubi wesibane esikhokelwayo ukhethwa ngomda wamandla kwaye uqwalasela uluhlu lwe-voltage ephumayo kunye nekhoyo. Ukuba iiparameters zayo azihambisani nesixhobo se-LED, siya kuba yinto engasebenzisekiyo, kuya kufuneka ilahlwe.

Umgaqo wokusebenza, isekethe yeklasikhi kunye nokwahlukana kombane

Nangona umqhubi ehlala ebizwa ngokuba ngumbane, kukho umahluko phakathi kwezi zimbini. Umqhubi ungumthombo wangoku ogcina ixabiso lawo rhoqo lokudlula kwi-LED, kwaye umbane ugcina i-voltage ezinzileyo. Qwalasela indlela unikezelo lwamandla olusebenza ngayo kumzekelo othile:

• Xhuma ukuchasana (R) kwe-40 ohms ukuya kumthombo we-12 V.
• Vumela i-current (I) ye-300 mA ihambe kwi-resistor. Ngama-resistors amabini afakwe, okwangoku kuya kuphinda kabini ukuya kwi-600 mA. Kule meko, i-voltage ayiyi kutshintsha, kuba inobudlelwane obulinganayo kunye nokuchasana kwangoku kunye nokuchasana (umthetho we-Ohm I \u003d U / R).

Ngoku makhe sibone ukuba umqhubi usebenza njani:

• Vumela i-30 Ω resistor (R) ifakwe kwisekethe kunye nomqhubi we-225 mA.
• Ukuba, kwi-voltage (U) ye-12 V, i-resistors ezimbini ze-30 Ohm ezixhunyiwe ngokuhambelanayo zixhunyiwe, okwangoku kuya kuhlala kunjalo – 225 mA, kwaye i-voltage iya kuba yisiqingatha – 6 V.

Umqhubi ekugqibeleni ubonelela ngomthwalo ngokukhutshwa okunikiweyo okwangoku, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kukuphi ukunyuka kwamandla. Ngoko ke, ii-LED, eziza kubonelelwa nge-voltage ye-6 V, ziya kukhanya ngokukhawuleza njengomthombo we-10 V, ukuba inqanaba elinikeziweyo langoku lisetyenziswe kuyo. Isekethe yomqhubi we- LED
: Isekethe yomqhubi ineendawo ezintathu ezidibeneyo:

• amandla okwahlula amandla ombane;
• ukulungisa imodyuli;
• ukuzinzisa.

Isebenza njani isekethe:

1. Xa i-current idlulisiwe, i-capacitor C ihlawuliswa ide ihlawulwe ngokupheleleyo. Incinci umthamo wayo, ngokukhawuleza iya kuhlawulisa.
2. Umsinga otshintshayo uguqulwa ube yi-pulsating. Inxalenye yokuqala yamaza igudiswa njengoko idlula kwi-capacitor C.
3. I-electrolytic capacitor egqiba isiphaluka isebenza njenge-smoothing filter-stabilizer.

Iinkcukacha

Xa uthenga isibane se-LED, unokufuna ukuthenga umqhubi ukuba isixhobo sokukhanyisa asinalo umguquleli wangoku. Iimpawu eziphambili:

• imveliso yangoku, A;
• amandla okusebenza, W;
• amandla ombane wokuphuma, V.

Umbane ophumayo unokwahluka. Kuxhomekeke kwiskimu soqhagamshelwano lwamandla kunye nenani le-LEDs. Umgangatho wokukhanya kunye namandla kuxhomekeke kubukhulu bangoku. Ukuze i-diodes ikhanyise ngokukhanyayo kwaye ingabi mnyama, okwangoku kwimveliso yomqhubi igcinwa kwinqanaba elinikeziweyo. Amandla okuguqula kufuneka abe phezulu kancinci kunenani lilonke leewathi zazo zonke iidiode. Ukubala amandla omqhubi, ifomyula isetyenziswa: P \u003d P (ikhokelwa) × X apho:

• I-P (ikhokelwa) ngamandla e-LED enye;
• X linani leediode.

Ukuba umbane obaliweyo wajika waba ngu-10 W, umqhubi kufuneka athathwe ngomda we-20-30%.

Iintlobo zabaqhubi

Bonke abaqhubi bahlukaniswa ngokwemiqathango emithathu – ngokwendlela yokuzinzisa, iimpawu zoyilo kunye nobukho / ukungabikho kokukhusela. Makhe siqwalasele zonke iinketho ngokubanzi.

Umgca kunye nempembelelo

Ngokuxhomekeke kwisekethe yangoku yokuzinzisa, abaqhubi bahlulahlulwe kwiintlobo ezimbini – i-linear kunye ne-pulse. Ziyahluke kumgaqo wokusebenza kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Phambi kwesekethe ye-elektroniki yomqhubi, umsebenzi wawusetiwe-ukuqinisekisa amaxabiso azinzileyo akhoyo kunye nombane anikezelwe kwikristale (LED). Eyona ndlela ilula kunye nexabiso eliphantsi kukubandakanya i-resistor yokunciphisa kwisekethe. Iskimu samandla somgca:
Le sekethi yeprayimari ayikwazi ukubonelela ngokulungiswa okuzenzekelayo ngoku. Ngokunyuka kwe-voltage, ikhula ngokulinganayo kwaye, xa idlula ixabiso elivumelekileyo, i-crystal iya kudilika ekugqithiseni. Ulawulo olunzima ngakumbi lwenziwa ngokubandakanya i-transistor kwisekethe. Ukungalungi kwesekethe yomgca kukuhla kwamandla kunye nokunyuka kwe-voltage. Olu khetho luvumelekile xa usebenzisa imithombo ekhokelwa ngamandla aphantsi, kodwa xa usebenzisa ii-LED eziphezulu, ezo zijikelezo azisetyenziswanga. Izinto eziluncedo zesikimu somgca:

• ubulula
• ukutshiphu
• ukuthembeka okuhambelanayo.

Kunye neesekethe zomgca, okwangoku kunye ne-voltage inokuzinziswa ngokuzinza kwe-pulse:

• emva kokucofa iqhosha, i-capacitor ihlawuliswa;
• emva kokukhulula, i-capacitor ikhupha, inika amandla agcinwe kwi-element semiconductor (LED), eqala ukuvelisa ukukhanya;
• ukuba i-voltage iphakama, ngoko ixesha lokutshaja kwe-capacitor liyancitshiswa, ukuba liyawa, liyanda.

Umsebenzisi akanyanzelekanga ukuba acofe iqhosha – izinto zombane zimenzela yonke into. Indima yendlela yeqhosha kunikezelo lwamandla lwanamhlanje lwenziwa ngama-semiconductors – thyristors okanye transistors. Umgaqo oqwalaselwayo wokusebenza ubizwa ngokuba yi-pulse-width modulation kwi-electronics. Amashumi kunye namawaka emisebenzi inokwenzeka ngomzuzwana. Ukusebenza kakuhle kweso sikimu sifikelela kwi-95%. Iskim esenziwe lula sozinziso lwempembelelo:

I-Electronic, i-dimmable kunye ne-capacitor esekelwe

Umda wesicelo sayo kunye neempawu zokusebenza zixhomekeke kumgaqo wesixhobo somqhubi. Iintlobo zabaqhubi ngokomgaqo wesixhobo:

• Electronic. Iisekethe zabo zisebenzisa i-transistor. I-capacitor ifakwe kwi-output, ukuphelisa okanye ubuncinci ukugudisa ama-ripples akhoyo. Abaguquli be-elektroniki bayakwazi ukuzinzisa imisinga ukuya kuthi ga kwi-750 mA. Abaqhubi bohlobo lwe-elektroniki bayasokola kungekuphela nje ngama-ripples, kodwa kunye nokuphazamiseka okuphezulu kwe-electromagnetic okubangelwa zizixhobo zombane (irediyo, iTV, irutha, njl.njl.). Ukunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kuvumela ubukho be-capacitor ekhethekileyo ye-ceramic. I-minus yomqhubi we-elektroniki yindleko ephezulu, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kusondele kwi-95%. Zisetyenziselwa izibane ezikhokelayo ezinamandla: izibane zemoto, izibane, izibane zesitalato.
• Iyacimeka. Uphawu lwabaqhubi abaluzizi kukukwazi ukulawula ukukhanya kwesibane. Uhlengahlengiso lusekelwe kwinguqu kwimveliso yangoku, emisela ukukhanya kokukhanya okukhanyayo. Umqhubi unokubandakanywa kwisiphaluka ngeendlela ezimbini: phakathi kwesibane kunye ne-stabilizer okanye phakathi komthombo wamandla kunye nomguquleli.
• Capacitor esekelwe. Ezi ziimodeli ezingabizi kakhulu ezisetyenziselwa ukulungiswa kwe-LED ngexabiso eliphantsi. Ukuba umenzi akazange anike i-capacitor smoothing kwisekethe, ngoko i-ripple ibonwa kwimveliso. Enye into engalunganga kukungabikho kokhuseleko. Inzuzo yeemodeli ezinjalo zisebenza kakuhle, zijonge kwi-100%, kunye nokulula kwesekethe. Abaqhubi abanjalo kulula ukudibanisa ngezandla zakho.

Abaqhubi be-Capacitor bangabangela i-flicker kwaye ngoko abakhuthazwa ukuba basebenzise izixhobo zangaphakathi. I-Flicker ichaphazela kakubi umbono kwaye iyacaphukisa inkqubo ye-nervous.

Ngomzimba nangaphandle

Umqhubi unokufakwa okanye angafakwa kwityala elikhuselayo. Iisekethe ze-elektroniki zisengozini kwizinto ezininzi zangaphandle, ngoko ukubeka umqhubi kwimeko kuthathwa njengokhetho oluthembekileyo. Izindlu zikhusela umguquli we-elektroniki kumswakama, uthuli, ilanga elithe ngqo, njl. Zikulungele ngakumbi ukunyuswa kwe-flush.

Okungcono kakhulu ngaphambi komhla

Umqhubi ulinganiswe malunga neeyure ezingama-30,000. Oku kungaphantsi kancinane kubomi obuqikelelweyo bezinto ezininzi ze-LED. Ukuncipha okunjalo kuhambelana nezinto ezingathandekiyo apho i-stabilizer yangoku kufuneka isebenze. Yintoni echaphazela kakubi ukusebenza komqhubi:

• ukunyuka kwamandla;
• ubushushu kunye/okanye utshintsho lokufuma.

Ukuba isixhobo se-200 W silayishwe nge-100 W, ngoko i-50% yexabiso eliqhelekileyo libuyiselwa kwinethiwekhi. Oku kunokubangela ukulayisha ngaphezulu kunye nokusilela kwamandla.

Ubomi bomqhubi bukhawulelwe bubomi be-capacitor smoothing. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, i-electrolyte iyaphuphuma kuyo, kwaye isixhobo siyasilela.

Ukwandisa ukusebenza komqhubi, kufuneka kuqhutywe kumagumbi anomswakama oqhelekileyo (ongekho phezulu), kwaye uqhagamshele kwinethiwekhi enezinga eliphezulu lombane ngaphandle kokunyuka.

Indlela yokukhetha umqhubi wesibane se-LED?

Xa uqhagamshelwe kwi-stabilizer yangoku, i-semiconductors ifumana amandla ayifunayo kwaye ifikelele kwiimpawu zabo ezinqabileyo. Ubomi benkonzo yeediode buxhomekeke kwindlela umqhubi akhethwe ngayo ngokuchanekileyo. Zeziphi iiparamitha ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe:

• Amandla. Imisela umthwalo ophezulu ovumelekileyo apho isixhobo senzelwe sona. Umzekelo, ukumakisha (20×26)x1W kuthetha ukuba ukusuka kwi-20 ukuya kwi-26 ye-LED inokudityaniswa kumqhubi ngaxeshanye, nganye inamandla e-1 W.
• Okwangoku kunye ne-voltage (amaxabiso aqhelekileyo). Abavelisi babonisa le parameter kwi-LED nganye, kungenxa yokuba umqhubi ukhethiwe. Ukuba ubuninzi bangoku obuyi-350mA, umbane we-300-330mA kufuneka uqhagamshelwe. Uluhlu olunjalo lwemisinga yokusebenza likuvumela ukuba uqinisekise ubomi beshelufu yesibane, ebonelelwe ngumenzi.
• Iklasi yokhuseleko. Kuxhomekeke kwesi salathisi apho izibane zinokusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo – ngaphandle okanye ngaphakathi. Iklasi yokumelana nomswakama kunye nokuqina kuboniswa ngoonobumba be-IP kwaye ibonakaliswe ngamanani amabini. Idijithi yokuqala isetyenziselwa ukugweba ukukhuselwa kumaqhezu aqinileyo (uthuli, ukungcola, isanti, umkhenkce), okwesibini – ukusuka kwimidiya engamanzi. Iklasi yokukhusela ayibonisi ukushisa apho i-luminaire ingasetyenziselwa khona.
• Isakhelo. Umqhubi unokuba nentsimbi evulekileyo enemingxuma okanye evaliweyo. Kwimeko yesibini, isixhobo sifakwe kwibhokisi yentsimbi. Ukusetyenziswa kwekhaya, ityala leplastiki elingavalwanga lifanelekile.
• Umgaqo wokusebenza. Isichasi somda asikuphelisi ukuguquguquka kwamandla ombane kwimibhobho engundoqo kwaye ayikhuseli kwingxolo yempembelelo. Olona tshintsho luncinci kumbane lukhokelela ekunyukeni ngequbuliso kumbane. Izilawuli zomgca zibhekwa njengezingathembekiyo kunye nabaqhubi abaphantsi, iisekethe zokutshintsha zikhethwayo.

Indlela yokukhangela ukuba iyasebenza?

Ukujonga umqhubi ngaphandle komthwalo, kwanele ukusebenzisa i-220 V kwigalelo lebhloko.Ukuba isixhobo sisebenza ngokufanelekileyo, i-voltage eqhubekayo iya kubonakala kwisiphumo. Ixabiso layo liya kuba likhulu kancinane kunomda ophezulu oboniswe kwileyibhile yomqhubi. Ukuba, umzekelo, i-stabilizer inoluhlu lwe-27-37 V, ngoko imveliso kufuneka ibe malunga ne-40 V. Ukugcina okwangoku kuluhlu olunikeziweyo, njengoko ukuchasana komthwalo kuyanda (kuthandeka kwi-infinity ngaphandle komthwalo), i-voltage. kwakhona ikhula ukuya kumda othile. Le ndlela yokuqinisekisa ilula kwaye ifikeleleke, kodwa ayivumeli ukwenza izigqibo ezicacileyo malunga ne-100% yenkonzo yesixhobo. Kukho abaqhubi abathi, emva kokuvulwa ngaphandle komthwalo, musa ukuqala okanye ukuziphatha ngendlela engaqondakaliyo. Ukhetho lwesibini lokujonga:

1. Xhuma i-resistor kwimveliso yomqhubi, ukhetha ukuchasana kwayo ngokusekelwe kumthetho we-Ohm. Ngokomzekelo, amandla omqhubi angama-20 W, i-output current yi-600 mA, i-voltage yi-25-35 V. Ukumelana okufunwayo kuya kuba yi-38-58 ohms.
2. Khetha ukuxhathisa kuluhlu oluchaziweyo kunye namandla afanelekileyo. Nokuba incinci, ke oku kwanele ukuqinisekiswa.
3. Xhuma i-resistor kwaye ulinganise i-voltage ephumayo kunye nomhloli. Ukuba ingaphakathi kwemida echaziweyo, ngoko umqhubi uyasebenza ngokuqinisekileyo.

Xa ufuna ukuchithwa, kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela umgaqo woyilo lwesekethe. Kwimijikelezo yomgca kunye ne-pulse, ukuphuka kunokudibaniswa neengxaki ezithile. Ukungasebenzi kakuhle okunokwenzeka:

• Kwi-stabilizers ehambelanayo , izibini ezichasayo ezinokumelana ne-5 ukuya kwi-100 ohms zisetyenziselwa ukukhusela ukuhla kwamandla ombane. Enye ikwigalelo lebhulorho yediode, eyesibini ikwimveliso. Ukunciphisa i-flicker, i-capacitor-electrolyte yomthamo ophezulu uguqulwa ngokuhambelana nomthwalo. Ukungaphumeleli komqhubi we-linear kunokudibaniswa nokutshiswa kwe-resistors enye okanye ezimbini zokukhusela kanye.
• Kwiinguqu zangoku ze-pulse, i- microcircuits ikhuselwe ekugqithiseni, ukushisa kunye nokugqithisa kwaye, ngokweengcamango, ayikwazi ukuphuka. Ngapha koko, nayiphi na i-microcircuit, ngakumbi kubaqhubi abenziwe eTshayina, inokungasebenziseki. Ingxaki yongezwa yinto yokuba iitshiphusi ezininzi zaseTshayina kunzima ukufumana ezinye ezitshintshileyo. Ezinye zazo azifumaneki nakwi-Intanethi.

Uqhagamshelwano

Ukuqhagamshela umqhubi kwii-LED akubangeli ubunzima kubasebenzisi, kuba kukho uphawu oluyimfuneko kumzimba walo. Indlela yokudibanisa umqhubi:

1. Faka i-voltage yegalelo kwiintambo zokufakelwa (INPUT).
2. Xhuma ii-LED kwiintambo zokuphuma (OUTPUT).

Xa uqhagamshela, jonga i-polarity:

• Igalelo lePolar (INPUT). Ukuba umqhubi unikwe amandla yi-voltage eqhubekayo, ke udibanise imveliso “+” kwisibonda esifanayo somthombo wamandla. Ukuba i-voltage i-AC, nikela ingqalelo kwiimpawu kwiingcingo zokufaka. Kukho iinketho ezimbini:
  • “L” kunye “N”. Faka isigaba kwimveliso “L” (yifumane nge-screwdriver yesalathisi), kwi “N” – zero.
  • “~”, “AC” okanye akukho ukumakishwa – awukwazi ukujonga i-polarity.
• Imveliso yePolar (OUTPUT). Jonga i-polarity ngamaxesha onke. Xhuma ucingo “+” kwi-anode ye-1 ye-LED, “-” kwi-cathode yokugqibela. Zonke i-semiconductors zixhunyiwe kwi-series – i-anode yelandelayo ifakwe kwi-cathode yangaphambili.

Kukho inketho yesibini yokudibanisa ii-LED – amakhonkco amaninzi aqulethe inani elilinganayo le-diode axhunyiwe ngokufanayo. Xa udityaniswe kuthotho, zonke izinto zikhanya ngokufanayo, ngoguqulelo olunxuseneyo, imigca ingaba nokukhanya okwahlukileyo.

Indlela yokwenza umqhubi wesibane se-LED ngezandla zakho?

Umqhubi unokwenziwa kwitshaja yefowuni endala. Kuyimfuneko kuphela ukwenza utshintsho oluncinci kwi-chip. Imveliso enjalo yasekhaya yanele ukunika amandla ii-LED ze-3 ngamandla e-1 W nganye. Qwalasela inyathelo ngenyathelo ukudityaniswa komqhubi kwitshaja yefowuni:

1. Susa i-case kwitshaja.
2. Ukusebenzisa i-iron yokuthambisa, susa isixhasi esinciphisa amandla ombane anikezelweyo kwifowuni.
3. Endaweni ye-resistor ethengiswayo, faka i-resistor yokulungisa. Yibekele kwi-5,000 ohms.
4. I-Solder ii-LED kuthotho kwitshaneli yemveliso.
5. Unsolder amatshaneli igalelo kwaye solder intambo amandla 220V endaweni.
6. Khangela ukusebenza kwesekethe ngokubeka i-voltage kwi-resistor kunye nomlawuli ukwenzela ukuba ii-diode zivutha ngokukhawuleza, kodwa zingatshintshi imibala.

Xa usenza umsebenzi ekudaleni i-diver esuka kwitshaja, kufuneka unamathele kwimimiselo yokhuseleko. Ukuba ubamba iindawo ezingenanto, unokufumana ukutshatyalaliswa kombane okunamandla.

Umqhubi unokwakhiwa ukusuka ekuqaleni. Ukwenza oku, udinga isinyithi se-soldering, i-tester, iingcingo kunye ne-stabilizer edibeneyo KR142EN12A (okanye i-analogue yangaphandle – LM317), enokuthengwa kuyo nayiphi na ivenkile ekhethekileyo kwii-ruble ezingama-20. Iiparameters ze-microcircuit ezithengiweyo ziyi-40 V kwaye 1.5 I-current, ine-built-in-in-in-protection overload, i-overheating kunye ne-short circuit. I-microcircuit iqinisa i-voltage, kwaye umqhubi ulinganisa okwangoku, ngoko kuya kufuneka wenze utshintsho kwisiphaluka esiqhelekileyo sokudibanisa i-microcircuit. Umqhubi kwi-stabilizer edibeneyo:
Kule meko, umsebenzi we-microcircuit kukulawula, ngenxa yokuba okwangoku kuya kugcinwa kwinqanaba elifunekayo. Ixabiso langoku lichongwa ngokuchaswa kwe-resistor R1. Ixabiso layo eliqhelekileyo libalwa ngefomula: R = 1.2 / I, apho:

• R – ukuxhathisa, Ohm;
• Mna-ngoku, A.

Umyalelo wokwakha umqhubi:

1. Hlanganisa umlawuli wangoku we-9.9 V kunye ne-300 mA yangoku. Emva koko i-R1 \u003d 1.2 / 0.3 \u003d 4 ohms. Amandla okumelana – ukusuka kwi-4 watts. Unokuthatha izinto ezixhathisayo ezisetyenziswa kwiiTV. Ziyakwazi nokuthengwa ezivenkileni. Amandla ezi zinto zi-2 W, ukuchasana ngu-1-2 ohms.
2. Connect resistors kuthotho. Ukuchasana kwabo kuya kudibanisa kwaye kuya kufana ne-2-4 ohms.
3. Namathisela i-chip kwi-heatsink kwaye uqhagamshele isekethe ye-diode edibeneyo yochungechunge kwisiphumo somqhubi. Jonga i-polarity xa udibanisa ii-LED.
4. Faka i-voltage eqhubekayo ye-12-40 V kwigalelo (isixhobo senzelwe i-9.9 V, ngoko siyithatha ngomda). Akufanelekanga ukudlula ixabiso lomda – i-microcircuit inokutshisa. Umbane onikezelweyo usenokungazinzisi. Ungasebenzisa ibhetri yemoto, umbane welaptop okanye isiguquli esisezantsi esinebhulorho yediode. Xhuma umqhubi, jonga i-polarity – umsebenzi wenziwe.

Ndiyabulela kubaqhubi, akunakwenzeka kuphela ukuphucula ukusebenza kwezibane ze-LED, kodwa nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwabo okude, okungaphazamisekiyo. Ukuqwalasela iindleko zezixhobo ze-LED, ukusetyenziswa kwabaqhubi kuba sisisombululo esineendleko.