Dhizaini uye musimboti wekushanda kwevatyairi vemarambi e LED

Vatyairi midziyo yakakosha inovimbisa kushanda kwakagadzikana kwemarambi e LED. Pasina ivo, diode haina kugadzikana uye inokurumidza kukundikana. Tichadzidza kuti vatyairi vanorongwa sei uye kuti vanoshanda sei.

Sei mutyairi we LED?

Ma LED ane simba rakawanda uye anogara kwenguva refu kupfuura incandescent bulbs. Vanogona kushanda kwemakore uye kushandisa kanoverengeka magetsi mashoma pane akajairwa mwenje magirobhu, ane yakatsiga magetsi, ayo mutyairi ane basa.
Ma LED anonzwa zvakanyanya kune simba rinopihwa kune avo ekuisa. Ivo havatyi hutsika hwakaderera, asi kuwedzera kwemagetsi uye mafungu haangogone kuderedza zvakanyanya sosi ye semiconductors, asi zvakare kuvadzima. Basa remutyairi nderekupa ma LED ane yakagadzikana ikozvino. Mutyairi wemarambi e LED – magetsi. Iro dhipatimendi remagetsi, iyo inobuda iyo inogara iripo yehuwandu hunopiwa.

Kuti zvinhu zve LED zvishande kwenguva yakareba uye zvinobudirira, zvinopisa zvakajeka uye zvisingabviri, ikozvino yehukoshi hwakadaro hunoratidzwa mumhizha yedata sheet ye semiconductor element inofanira kuyerera kuburikidza ne LEDs.

Madhiraivha e LED anopihwa nevagadziri akagadzirirwa mavoltages e10, 12, 24, 220 V uye akananga mafungu e350 mA, 700 mA, 1 A. Kazhinji, madhiraivha anogadzirirwa chaiwo magadzirirwo, asi kune zvakare zvigadzirwa zvepasirese zviri kutengeswa zvinokwana. yakawanda LED- zvinhu kubva kune anozivikanwa mhando. Iye zvino stabilizers anoshandiswa mu:

• masisitimu emagetsi emumugwagwa uye epamba;
• mwenje wehofisi yedesktop;
• LED mitsetse uye mwenje wekushongedza.

Vatyairi vanoshandura kupenya uye ruvara rwema LED. Izvi zvinoitwa uchishandisa mapfundo kana remote control. Mwenje we LED usina mutyairi hauna kugadzikana uye unomhanya mungozi yekukurumidza kukundikana.

Nheyo yekushanda

A voltage inoshandiswa kune inopinza yemutyairi we LED, iyo inogona kusiyana. Ikozvino inopfuura nepakati pezvipikisi R1 uye R3, ichiwana kukosha kwaidiwa, uye capacitor C1 inoisa frequency yayo. Alternating current, kuwana set parameters, inopinda diode bridge. Kupfuura nemugadziriso uyu, yazvino inoshandurwa kubva pakuchinjana kuenda kunanga. Kupfuurirazve, maparamita ayo anogadziriswa neresistors R2 uye R4 uye capacitor C2. Nenzira iyi, kururamisa kwakanyanya kwekubuda kwezvino parameters kunowanikwa. Electrical circuit diagram yemudziyo:

Mhando dzevatyairi maererano nenheyo yekushanda

Vese vatyairi ve LEDs vakakamurwa kuita linear uye pulsed. Boka rega rega rine zvayakanakira, zvakaipa uye kurudziro dzekushandisa. Kuenzanisa kwemutsara uye pulse ikozvino inoshandura:

Linear

Kubva pane mutsara wedunhu, iwo akareruka madhiraivha emwenje we LED anogadzirwa. Sechinhu chekudzikamisa, chinomisikidza chinopikisa chine chinosiyana chinopikisa chinoshandiswa. Mune mutyairi weindasitiri, “injini” yeanopikisa inodzorwa kwete nemunhu, asi nemagetsi. Kana iyo voltage ichikwira kune yakakosha kukosha, ikozvino inotanga zvakare kusimuka, uye kana ichisvika kune isingagamuchirwi kukosha, iyo LED inopisa uye inozoparadzwa. Mune mamwe masekete akaoma, transistors anoshandiswa kugadzirisa ikozvino. Iko kusakanganiswa kweiyo mutsara wedunhu kurasikirwa kukuru kwesimba, sezvo nekuwedzera voltage, kuparara kwayo kusingabatsiri kunowedzera. Chirevo chakafanana chinobvumirwa kunze kwemarambi ane simba shoma. Kune akawanda-watt LEDs, zvirongwa zvakadaro hazvina kukodzera. Zvakanakira mutsara wekudzikamisa chirongwa:

• simple design;
• mutengo wakaderera;
• kuvimbika kwakakwana (pasimba remutoro wakaderera).

Linear Stabilizer:

Pulse

Chechipiri sarudzo ndeye kugadzikana kwekumanikidza. Mushure mekubatidza bhatani reKH, iyo capacitor C inochajwa. Mushure mekuvhura mabatirwo ebhatani, inotanga kubuda, ichipa magetsi kune iyo semiconductor element. Iyo yakapusa switching regulator:
Nepo iyo capacitor ichipa simba, iyo diode inoburitsa mwenje. Iyo yakakwirira simba rekuisa, iyo ipfupi yekuchaja nguva. Kudzvanya nekuburitsa bhatani kunochengetedza kupenya. Iyi nheyo yekushanda inonzi pulse-width modulation. Makumi uye kunyange zviuru zvekushanda kunoitika pasekondi.

Mhando dzevatyairi nemhando yekugadzira

Vatyairi vezvinhu zve LED idiki remagetsi redunhu rakaunganidzwa kubva kune resistors, capacitors uye semiconductor diodes yakaiswa pabhodhi. Midziyo inodzikamisa yazvino ye LEDs inowanikwa mune 2 shanduro:

• Muzvitunha. Iyi ndiyo inonyanya kusarudzwa. Mutengo wechigadzirwa chakadaro wakakwira. Kubatsira kwayo kukuru ndiko kuchengetedzwa kwezvinhu zvemaitiro kubva kune unyoro uye guruva.
• Pasina muviri. Kushandiswa kwavo kunoruramiswa chete pakuiswa kwakavanzika. Iwo akachipa kupfuura makesi analogi.

Maererano nekugadzirwa, vashanduri vakakamurwa kuva mapoka matatu.

Electronic

Mushanduri yemagetsi, transistor ine basa rekugadzirisa ikozvino. Basa rayo ndere kuburitsa iyo control microcircuit. Kuti ugadzirise ripple zvakanyanya sezvinobvira, capacitor inoiswa pakubuda kwedunhu.
Midziyo yemagetsi inodhura, asi dzikamisa iripo kusvika pakukwira kwe750 mA. Vatyairi vemazuva ano verudzi urwu vanowanzoiswa pamarambi ane E27 base. Izvo zvakanyanya kukanganisa ndeye ripples uye kupindira mu-high-frequency range. Kana midziyo yemumba, yakaita seredhiyo, yakabairirwa muchigadziko chimwe chete nerambi, kukanganisa kunoitika paFM frequencies. . Mutyairi akanaka wemagetsi anofanira kunge aine maviri capacitors kamwechete:

• electrolytic, iyo inogadzirisa kunze pulsations;
• ceramic, iyo inoderedza kukwirira kwepamusoro.

Uku kusanganiswa hakuwanzo, kunyanya mumadhiraivha akagadzirwa neChinese. IC savvy vashandisi vanogona kuwana mutyairi anobuda paramita nekuchinja anopikisa maitiro. Pamusana pekushanda kwepamusoro – inenge 95% – vatyairi vemagetsi vanoshandiswa kune zvakasiyana-siyana (kuve nechokwadi chekushanda kwemarambi emotokari e LED, mwenje wemugwagwa uye weimba).

Kubva pane capacitors

Vatyairi zvinoenderana nekushandiswa kwema capacitor vane zvimwe zvishoma kufarirwa. Anenge ese bhajeti remwenje re LED maseketi ane midziyo yakadaro ane maitiro akafanana.
Nekuda kwekuchinja kunoitwa nevagadziri kune maseketi emagetsi, zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kubviswa kubva kwavari. Kunyanya kazhinji ivo havana capacitor inotarisira kutsvedza ripples. Zvakanakira capacitor vatyairi:

• nyore kugadzira;
• Iko kushanda kunosvika ku100%, sezvo kurasikirwa kwesimba kuchionekwa chete mune zvinopikisa uye majekiseni e semiconductor zvinhu.

Maererano neGOST, iyo inobvumirwa ripple chiyero ndeye 10-20% uye zvinoenderana nechinangwa chekamuri umo mudziyo wekuvhenekesa unoshanda.

Dimmable

Dimmer mudziyo unodzora kupenya kwema LED. Vatyairi vemazuva ano vakawanda vanobatanidza zvinhu izvi zvinobatsira.
Zvakanakira dimmable drivers:

• mushandisi anosarudza mwero wekuvhenekera wakasununguka kune yazvino nguva;
• kubatanidzwa kwe dimmer mune ikozvino stabilizers inokubvumira kuti uwane hupfumi kushandisa zvose magetsi uye hupenyu hwe LEDs.

Sarudzo dzekuita:

• Iyo dimming mudziyo iri pakati pemagetsi uye mwenje we LED. Chigadzirwa chakadaro chinodzora magetsi anopiwa kune ma LED. Kazhinji idzi pulse-width stabilizers (PWM) inogadzirisa huwandu hwezvino.
• Chigadzirwa chacho chinodzora magetsi. Inoita kugadzirisa ikozvino. Kupenya uye ruvara rwema diode anoshanduka.

Hupenyu hwose

Nguva yekushanda kwakarurama kwemutyairi zvinoenderana nehutano hwayo uye mamiriro ekushanda. Asi kunyangwe iyo yemhando yepamusoro mudziyo ine diki sosi pane iyo LEDs yakabatana nayo. Zvinhu zve LED kubva kumhando dzinozivikanwa zvinogara maawa angangoita 100,000. Inofungidzirwa nguva yekushanda kwemutyairi:

• low quality – kusvika maawa 20,000;
• avhareji – kusvika maawa 50,000;
• yakakwirira – kusvika maawa 70,000.

Nekugadzira uye mugwagwa, zvinokurudzirwa kutora vatyairi vane hupenyu hurefu hwebasa.

Kureba kweiyo stabilizer yezvino ye LEDs kunokonzerwa nekunze zvinhu. Mutyairi anogona kukundikana nekuda kwezvikonzero zvinotevera:

• humidity yakakwirira muimba, iyo isingaenderani nehuwandu hwekudzivirira kwechigadzirwa;
• kuchinja kwekushisa kwakapinza;
• kutadza kufema zvakanaka;
• zvisizvo mutoro simba kukarukureta.

Kazhinji kazhinji, mutyairi anoputsika nekuda kwe capacitor – inokundikana panguva yekuwedzera kwesimba mumambure.

Nzira yekusarudza mutyairi?

Mazhinji emagetsi emagetsi e LED anotengeswa mumusika wepamba anogadzirwa muChina, akachipa, uye haasi emhando yepamusoro. MuChinese madhiraivha emwenje e LED, akaremara microcircuits anowanzo kuwanikwa, hazvikurudzirwe kuzvitenga. Chigadzirwa chakadaro chinokurumidza kukundikana, uye hazvigoneki kuti zvichave zvichibvira kuchitsinhanisa kune imwe itsva kana kudzorera mari. Mazano ekusarudza mutyairi we LED:

• Tora ikozvino stabilizer pamwe chete nemutoro.
• Funga nezvesimba rekutakura richabatanidzwa kumutyairi.
• Ngwarira muviri. Inofanira kuratidza simba, voltage ranges (inopinza uye inobuda), iyo inomiririra kukosha kweiyo yakagadzikana ikozvino, hunyoro uye guruva rekudzivirira kirasi.

Maximum mutyairi simba

Iko kubuda kwemagetsi kunoenderana nehuwandu hwema diode mudunhu uye pane chirongwa chekubatanidzwa kwavo. Inofanira kuva yakakura kudarika kana kuenzana nehuwandu hwesimba rinoshandiswa nebhuroko rimwe nerimwe redunhu remagetsi. Iyo yakayerwa ikozvino inotarirwa nesimba rezvinhu uye kupenya kwavo. Chinangwa chekudzikamisa ndechekupa diode nesimba rinodiwa. Simba rose re LEDs rinotarirwa nemiganhu yechinhu chimwe nechimwe, nhamba yavo uye ruvara. Kuwanda kwesimba rinoshandiswa kunotarwa maererano nemaitiro: P = PLED x N, apo N ndiyo nhamba ye diode munharaunda, PLED isimba reimwe diode. Kukosha kwezita kunotorwa ne20-30% kupfuura simba rakaverengwa: Pmax ≥ (1.2..1.3) * P. Rudzi rwekupenya kwezvinhu runotorwawo. Inokanganisa kubuda kwemagetsi. Inoratidzwa zvakananga pachigadziro kana papakiti. Semuenzaniso, kune matatu 3W LEDs. Ipapo simba rose i9 watts. Inokurudzirwa mutyairi Pmax = 9 x 1.3 = 11.7 watts.

Price

Vatyairi vemwenje ye LED vanotengeswa muzvitoro zvemagetsi, paInternet, pazvitoro zvekutengesa zvinobata muzvikamu zveredhiyo. Kutenga online ndiko kwakachipa.
Inofungidzirwa mitengo yema stabilizer azvino:

• DC12V (simba 18 W, kupinza voltage 12 V, kubuda 100-240 V) – 190 rubles;
• LB0138 (6 W, 45 V, 220 V) – 170 rubles;
• YW-83590 (21 W, 25-35 V, 200-240 V) – 690 rubles;
• LB009 (150 W, 12 V, 170-260 V) – 750 rubles.

Iyo PT4115 microcircuit – buck converter – inodhura 150 rubles pachidimbu. Zvimwe zvine simba zvinhu zvinodhura kubva ku150 kusvika kune akati wandei zviuru rubles.

Mamwe maitiro

Paunenge uchitenga mutyairi, teerera kune zvinotevera maitiro:

• Output voltage. Kukosha kwaro kunoenderana nehuwandu hwema LED mune luminaire, pane nzira yekupa simba uye pakudonha kwevoltage pamasemiconductors. Pane zvishandiso pamusika zvine voltages kubva pa2 kusvika ku50 V uye nezvimwe.
• Rated current. Inofanira kunge yakakwana kupa kupenya kwakanyanya.
• LED ruvara. Zvinokanganisa kudonha kwemagetsi.

Kutsamira kwemagetsi parameter pane ruvara rwema LEDs:

Kana chiedza chine matatu 1 W machena ma LED akabatanidzwa munhevedzano, iwe uchada mutyairi ane voltage ye 9-12 V uye ikozvino ye 350 mA. Mhepo inodonha pamakristasi machena ndeye 3.3 V. Kana yakabatanidzwa mumutsara, magetsi anopfupikiswa. Inobuda 9.9 V, iyo inogutsa kushanda kwemutyairi. Zvichienderana nekugadziriswa, zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa kune imwe nhamba ye LEDs – imwe, mbiri kana kupfuura.

Muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye phytolamp, zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa vatyairi muzviitiko. Iwo akanyanya kunaka uye akachengeteka pane asina furemu.

Semuenzaniso, vatyairi ve LED vane 9918c chip mumwenje we LED vakakodzera kutyaira marambi asingadzimike uye simba rekutsigira rinosvika ku25W.

Mutyairi kubatana

Mutyairi ari nyore kubatanidza kune maLEDs. Pamuviri waro pane mavara ese anodiwa. Mhepo yekupinza inoiswa kune zviteshi zvekupinza (INPUT), uye tambo ye LED yakabatana kune inobuda materminal (OUTPUT). Chinhu chikuru ndechekucherechedza polarity.

Input polarity

Kana mutyairi achifambiswa nemagetsi anogara aripo, iyo danda rakanaka remagetsi sosi inobatanidzwa kune yayo “+” terminal. Nezve AC voltage, teerera kune kunyoreswa kwematerminal ekuisa. Sarudzo dzekumaka:

• “L” uye “N”. Isa chikamu kune zvinobuda “L”. Iwe unogona kuiwana ine yakakosha yemagetsi screwdriver. Batanidza waya isina kwayakarerekera kune “N” terminal.
• “~”, “AC” kana kusamaka. Muchiitiko ichi, polarity haina kukosha, haugoni kuicherechedza.

Output polarity

Polarity inofanira kugara ichicherechedzwa pano. Iyo “plus” waya yakabatana kune anode yekutanga semiconductor element, iyo “minus” waya yakabatana kune cathode yekupedzisira diode. Kubatana kwemutyairi:
220/12V LED mwenje mutyairi wedunhu (inopinza/inobuda voltage):

Kugadziriswa kwemadhiraivha emwenje e LED

Kana iye zvino mutongi akarasikirwa nekukwanisa kwayo kuita mabasa ayo, izvi zvinogona kutungamirira kukuvadza kune LEDs. Zvakakosha kuziva kuparara munguva. Kuti uedze mutyairi wemwenje we LED, 220 V inoshandiswa pakuisa kwayo. Mhepo inogara iripo inofanira kuonekwa pakubuda kwemutyairi anoshanda. Uyezve, kukosha kwayo kuchave kwakakura zvishoma pane iyo yepamusoro-soro inoratidzwa pakurongedza kwechigadzirwa. Iyi nzira iri nyore kushandisa, asi haiiti kuti zvikwanise kutonga hutano hwechigadzirwa. Kuti uone kana mutyairi ari kushanda, ita zvinotevera:

1. Isa chinopikisa pakubuda kweiyo stabilizer iripo. Kupikisa kwayo kunosarudzwa tichifunga nezvekupiwa ikozvino. Zvinotemerwa nemutemo waOhm: R=U/I.
2. Tora resistor neakaverengerwa kushorwa uye rinoenderana simba.
3. Mushure mekuisa resistor, pima iyo inobuda voltage ne tester. Kana iyo isingapfuuri nhanho yekushanda, mudziyo uri kushanda nemazvo.

Yechipiri nzira yekutsvaga yekutadza kwemutyairi:

1. Kana chigadzirwa chacho chine fuse, rinudze. Muongorori anofanira kuratidza kuti kuramba iri zero. Kana kupikisa kunowanzoita infinity, shandura fuse. Kana mwenje uchivhenekera mushure mekushandura network, kugadzirisa kwapera.
2. Kana iyo fuse isina kuputika, tsvaga kuparara zvakare. Tarisa diode bhiriji.
3. Kana iyo rectifier iri muhurongwa, iwe uchafanirwa kusunungura iyo inotsvedza capacitor uye kuiridza. Kupikisa kudiki, kukura pamberi pemeso edu, kunoratidza kushanda kweiyo capacitor.
4. Kune mutyairi ari nyore, macheki aya anokwana kuti awane kunobva dambudziko. Mune yakaoma ikozvino stabilizers, iwe uchafanirwa kuridza ese diode uye electrolytic capacitors.

Paunenge uchiedza kutsvaga kuparara, funga nheyo yekushanda kwedunhu:

• Linear. Mumadhiraivha akadaro, kudzivirira kubva pamadonhwe emagetsi kunoitwa uchishandisa 5-100 Ohm resistors. Kumwe kushorwa kunoiswa pakuiswa kweanogadzirisa (diode bhiriji). Kuti uderedze flicker, hombe electrolytic capacitor yakabatanidzwa mukufanana nemutoro.
• Pulse. Muma converter aya mune ma microcircuits ane dziviriro kubva kune zvese zvinotyisidzira – overheating, overloads uye overvoltages. Havafanirwe kutyora, asi zvese zvinoitika nevatyairi veChinese.

Dambudziko rekugadzirisa vatyairi riri mukuoma kwekusarudza ma microcircuits akakodzera. Kunyanya kana iyo stabilizer inogadzirwa muChina. Kana pasina nzira inokubvumira kuti uwane zvikonzero zvekuparara kweiyo stabilizer ikozvino, iwe uchafanirwa kuonana nenyanzvi. Kana kutenga mumwe mutyairi.

Kusiyana kubva kune magetsi

Mutyairi vashandisi vazhinji vakanganisa kufonera magetsi. Muchokwadi, iwo midziyo yakasiyana. Iyo magetsi inogadzirisa voltage, mutyairi – ikozvino. Kana ma LED akabatanidzwa kune simba risina simba, anokurumidza kukundikana. Iyo magetsi inogona kuva:

• Transformer. Ivo vashoma nhasi, sezvo munzira dzakawanda ivo vanorasikirwa nevakwikwidzi vavo. The transformer block inoita 12 kana 24 V kubva kumhepo ye 220 V. Zvadaro mhepo inoshandura inogadziriswa kuva imwe nguva dzose. Inoshandiswa kumutoro.
• Pulse. Mavari, magetsi anotwasanudzwa pakarepo – 220 V AC inoshandurwa kuva 220 V DC. Zvadaro inoenda kune pulse generator, iyo inogadzira alternating voltage ye high frequency. Chinhu chekupedzisira ndicho transformer.

Magetsi ese ari maviri anoburitsa volti yenguva dzose yehukuru hwakafanana. Zvigadzirwa zvakadaro hazvina kukodzera ku LED, sezvo “zvine simba” nemagetsi emagetsi. Uye iyo voltage inodonha kune semiconductors ingori imwe yemaitiro avo. Kana maparameter akanyorwa pa LED, semuenzaniso, 10 mA uye 2.7 V, izvi zvinoreva kuti kupfuura iyo yakaratidzwa Amperes haigoni kupfuudzwa nayo – ichapisa. Nekufamba kwezvino ye 10 mA, 2.7 V inorasika pane semiconductor. Izvi ndizvo chaizvo kurasikirwa, uye kwete magetsi anodiwa kuti avheneke ma LED.

Nzira yekuita sei linear LED mutyairi nemaoko ako pachako?

Kuve neakagadzirira-akagadzirwa mamicrocircuits, chero novice radio amateur anogona kuunganidza mutyairi we LEDs. Nokuda kwebasa iri, iwe unoda kukwanisa kuita zvinhu zviviri – verenga madhiyamu emagetsi emagetsi uye ane iron soldering. Semuenzaniso, unogona kuunganidza ikozvino stabilizer ye3 W LEDs uchishandisa PowTech chip – PT4115 (China). Iyo inoshandura, yakagadzirwa pahwaro hweiyi microcircuit, ine hushoma hwezvinhu uye yakanyanya kushanda zvakanaka. Iyo yakapfava yazvino inoshandura inounganidzwa kunyangwe kubva kune foni charger. Iyi inotevera murairo wekuunganidza mutyairi wematatu 1W LEDs. Zvebasa uchada:

• Chaja yenharembozha yekare. Semuenzaniso, kubva kuSamsung – ivo vanovimbika zvakanyanya. Device parameters – 5 V uye 700 mA.
• Trimmer resistor nekupikisa kwe10 kOhm.
• Zvinhu zvitatu zve LED zvine simba re1 W.
• Tambo ine plug.

Nzira yekubatanidza mutyairi:

1. Disassemble charger, chenjera kuti usakuvadza zvinhu zvayo.
2. Shandisa simbi yakanyungudutswa kubatanidza 5 kΩ resistor pakupinza. Tsiva iyo neinogadziriswa resistor.
3. Sarudza kuburitsa kwemutoro uye polarity kuitira kuti utengese ma LED nemazvo. Ivo vanofanounganidzwa mune serial circuit.
4. Unsolder macontacts kubva patambo woisa waya ine plug ipapo. Usati watarisa kana iyo stabilizer inoshanda, ita shuwa kuti zvese zvakabatana nemazvo. Kana iwe ukakanganisa, panogona kuva nedunhu pfupi.
5. Gadzirisa ikozvino ne trimmer kuitira kuti ma LED avheneke.
6. Kana chiedza chinobudisa zvinhu chiripo, tarisa voltage, ikozvino, simba ne tester.

Kana ma LED akabatidzwa, hapana spark kana utsi, gungano rakafamba zvakanaka – DIY yako yakagadzirira. Kushandiswa kwemutyairi akanyatsosarudzwa chinhu chakakosha chepamusoro-soro uye kwenguva refu kushanda kwemagetsi e LED. Sarudzo yakavimbika ndeyekutenga chigadzirwa chine branded pamwe nemarambi e LED. Kana iwe uchinzwisisa matunhu uye uri “shamwari” nesimbi yekusimbisa, unogona kugara uchiunganidza mutyairi akakodzera wezvinhu zve LED.