Mapangidwe ndi mfundo zoyendetsera madalaivala a nyali za LED

Madalaivala ndi zida zapadera zomwe zimatsimikizira kugwira ntchito kokhazikika kwa nyali za LED. Popanda iwo, ma diode sakhazikika ndipo amalephera mwachangu. Tiphunzira momwe madalaivala amasanjidwira komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito.

Chifukwa chiyani woyendetsa wa LED?

Ma LED ndi opatsa mphamvu kwambiri komanso amakhala nthawi yayitali kuposa mababu a incandescent. Amatha kugwira ntchito kwa zaka zambiri ndikuwononga magetsi ocheperako kangapo kuposa mababu anthawi zonse, okhala ndi magetsi okhazikika, omwe dalaivala ali ndi udindo.
Ma LED amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mphamvu zomwe zimaperekedwa pazolowera zawo. Sawopa zamtengo wotsika, koma kuchuluka kwa ma voltages ndi mafunde sikungochepetsa kwambiri gwero la semiconductors, komanso kuwaletsa. Ntchito ya dalaivala ndikupereka ma LED ndi magetsi okhazikika. Dalaivala wa nyali za LED – magetsi. Ndilo dera lamagetsi, zomwe zimatuluka nthawi zonse zamtengo wapatali.

Kuti zinthu za LED zizigwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali komanso moyenera, zimawotcha mowala komanso mosasunthika, mtengo wamtengo wapatali wotere womwe umawonetsedwa patsamba laukadaulo la semiconductor element uyenera kudutsa mu ma LED.

Madalaivala a LED operekedwa ndi opanga amapangidwira ma voltages a 10, 12, 24, 220 V ndi mafunde achindunji a 350 mA, 700 mA, 1 A. Nthawi zambiri, madalaivala amapangidwira zida zapadera, koma palinso zida zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zimagulitsidwa zomwe zimagwirizana. zinthu zambiri za LED zochokera kumitundu yodziwika bwino. Ma stabilizer amakono amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu:

• machitidwe owunikira mumsewu ndi kunyumba;
• nyali zamaofesi apakompyuta;
• Mizere ya LED ndi kuyatsa kokongoletsa.

Madalaivala amasintha kuwala ndi mtundu wa ma LED. Izi zitha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito zowongolera kapena zowongolera. Nyali ya LED yopanda dalaivala imakhala yosakhazikika ndipo imakhala ndi chiopsezo cholephera mwamsanga.

Mfundo ya ntchito

Mpweya umagwiritsidwa ntchito pakulowetsa kwa dalaivala wa LED, womwe ungasinthe. Zomwe zikuchitika pano zimadutsa zotsutsana ndi R1 ndi R3, kupeza mtengo wofunikira, ndipo capacitor C1 imayika maulendo ake. Alternating current, kupeza magawo oikidwa, amalowa mlatho wa diode. Kudutsa mu chokonzera ichi, chapano chimasinthidwa kuchoka pakusintha kupita ku chiwongolero. Kuphatikiza apo, magawo ake amasinthidwa ndi resistors R2 ndi R4 ndi capacitor C2. Mwanjira imeneyi, kulondola kwakukulu kwa magawo apano akukwaniritsidwa. Chithunzi chozungulira chamagetsi cha chipangizochi:

Mitundu ya madalaivala malinga ndi mfundo ya ntchito

Madalaivala onse a ma LED amagawidwa kukhala mzere ndi pulsed. Gulu lirilonse liri ndi ubwino, kuipa ndi malingaliro ake ogwiritsira ntchito. Kuyerekeza kwa linear ndi pulse current converter:

Linear

Kutengera dera lozungulira, madalaivala osavuta a nyali ya LED amapangidwa. Monga chinthu chokhazikika, cholepheretsa chochepetsera chokhala ndi kukana kosinthika chimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mu dalaivala wamakampani, “injini” yotsutsa imayendetsedwa osati ndi munthu, koma ndi zamagetsi. Ngati voteji ikukwera kuzinthu zovuta, zamakono zimayambanso kukwera, ndipo zikafika pamtengo wosavomerezeka, LED imatenthedwa ndipo kenako imawonongedwa. M’mabwalo ovuta kwambiri, ma transistors amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera pano. Kuipa kwa dera lozungulira ndi kutaya mphamvu kwakukulu, chifukwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa magetsi, kuwonongeka kwake kopanda phindu kumawonjezeka. Drawback yofanana ndiyololedwa kupatula nyali zotsika mphamvu. Kwa ma LED amitundu yambiri, njira zotere sizili zoyenera. Ubwino wa linear stabilization scheme:

• kapangidwe kosavuta;
• mtengo wotsika;
• kudalirika kokwanira (pa mphamvu yochepa).

Linear Stabilizer:

Kugunda

Njira yachiwiri ndi kukhazikika kwachangu. Mukayatsa batani la KH, capacitor C imayimbidwa. Pambuyo potsegula mabataniwo, imayamba kutulutsa, kupereka magetsi ku chinthu cha semiconductor. Chowongolera chosavuta kwambiri:
Pamene capacitor imapereka mphamvu, diode imatulutsa kuwala. Kukwera kwa voliyumu yolowera, kumachepetsa nthawi yolipiritsa. Kusindikiza ndi kumasula batani kumasunga kuwala. Mfundo imeneyi imatchedwa pulse-width modulation. Zochita zambiri komanso masauzande zimachitika pamphindikati.

Mitundu ya madalaivala ndi mtundu wa mapangidwe

Madalaivala azinthu za LED ndi kagawo kakang’ono kamagetsi komwe kamasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku resistors, capacitors ndi semiconductor diode zoyikidwa pa bolodi. Zipangizo zomwe zimakhazikitsira ma LED apano akupezeka m’mitundu iwiri:

• M’magulu. Iyi ndiyo njira yofala kwambiri. Mtengo wa chipangizo choterocho ndi wapamwamba kwambiri. Ubwino wake waukulu ndikuteteza zinthu zomanga ku chinyezi ndi fumbi.
• Popanda thupi. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kuli koyenera pakuyika kobisika. Ndiotsika mtengo kuposa ma analogi amilandu.

Malinga ndi mapangidwe, otembenuza amagawidwa m’magulu atatu.

Zamagetsi

Mu converter yamagetsi, transistor ili ndi udindo wokonza zamakono. Ntchito yake ndikutsitsa control microcircuit. Kuti muwongolere ripple momwe mungathere, capacitor imayikidwa pakutulutsa kwa dera.
Zida zamagetsi ndizokwera mtengo, koma zikhazikitse zomwe zilipo mpaka 750 mA. Madalaivala aposachedwa amtunduwu nthawi zambiri amayikidwa pa nyali yokhala ndi maziko a E27. Zoyipa zazikulu ndi ma ripples ndi kusokoneza mumtundu wapamwamba kwambiri. Ngati zida zapakhomo, monga wailesi, zalumikizidwa mu socket yomweyo ndi nyali, kusokoneza kumachitika pa ma frequency a FM. . Dalaivala wabwino wamagetsi ayenera kukhala ndi ma capacitor awiri nthawi imodzi:

• electrolytic, yomwe imatulutsa ma pulsations;
• ceramic, yomwe imachepetsa ma frequency apamwamba.

Kuphatikiza uku ndikosowa, makamaka madalaivala opangidwa ndi China. Ogwiritsa ntchito a IC savvy atha kupeza zotuluka za dalaivala posintha zikhalidwe za resistor. Chifukwa chakuchita bwino kwambiri – pafupifupi 95% – madalaivala apakompyuta amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana (kuonetsetsa kuti nyali zamagalimoto za LED, kuyatsa kwapamsewu ndi nyumba).

Kutengera ma capacitors

Madalaivala otengera kugwiritsa ntchito ma capacitor satchuka kwambiri. Pafupifupi mabwalo onse a nyali za LED okhala ndi zida zotere ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana.
Chifukwa cha kusintha kopangidwa ndi opanga ku mabwalo amagetsi, zinthu zina zitha kuchotsedwa kwa iwo. Makamaka nthawi zambiri alibe capacitor udindo kusalaza ripples. Ubwino wa ma driver a capacitor:

• kuphweka kwa mapangidwe;
• Kuchita bwino kumafikira 100%, chifukwa kutayika kwa mphamvu kumawonedwa kokha pazoletsa ndi zolumikizirana ndi zinthu za semiconductor.

Malingana ndi GOST, mlingo wovomerezeka wa ripple ndi 10-20% ndipo zimadalira cholinga cha chipinda chomwe chipangizo chowunikira chimagwira ntchito.

Zozimiririka

Dimmer ndi chipangizo chomwe chimawongolera kuwala kwa ma LED. Madalaivala ambiri amakono amaphatikiza zinthu zothandiza izi.
Ubwino wa madalaivala a dimmable:

• wogwiritsa amasankha mulingo wowunikira womwe uli womasuka pakali pano;
• kuphatikizidwa kwa dimmer mu stabilizers zamakono kumakupatsani mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zonse magetsi ndi moyo wa ma LED.

Zosankha zokonzekera:

• Chipangizo cha dimming chili pakati pa magetsi ndi nyali ya LED. Chipangizo choterocho chimayang’anira magetsi omwe amaperekedwa ku ma LED. Nthawi zambiri awa ndi ma pulse-width stabilizer (PWM) omwe amawongolera kuchuluka kwa pano.
• Chipangizochi chimayendetsa magetsi. Imachita kukonza kwakali pano. Kuwala ndi mtundu wa ma diode amasintha.

Moyo wonse

Kutalika kwa ntchito yolondola ya dalaivala kumadalira khalidwe lake ndi machitidwe ake. Koma ngakhale chipangizo chapamwamba kwambiri chimakhala ndi gwero laling’ono kwambiri kuposa ma LED omwe amalumikizidwa nawo. Zinthu za LED zochokera kuzinthu zodziwika bwino zimatha pafupifupi maola 100,000. Nthawi yoyerekeza yoyendetsa:

• otsika – mpaka maola 20,000;
• pafupifupi – mpaka maola 50,000;
• mkulu – mpaka maola 70,000.

Pakupanga ndi msewu, tikulimbikitsidwa kutenga madalaivala okhala ndi moyo wautali wautumiki.

Kutalika kwa stabilizer yamakono kwa ma LED kumakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zakunja. Woyendetsa akhoza kulephera pazifukwa zotsatirazi:

• chinyezi chambiri m’chipindacho, chomwe sichikugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa chitetezo cha chipangizocho;
• kusintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha;
• mpweya wabwino;
• kuwerengera mphamvu kolakwika.

Nthawi zambiri, dalaivala amathyoka chifukwa cha capacitor – imalephera panthawi yamagetsi amagetsi.

Kodi kusankha dalaivala?

Madalaivala ambiri owunikira a LED omwe amagulitsidwa pamsika wapakhomo amapangidwa ku China, ndi otsika mtengo, ndipo si apamwamba kwambiri. Mu madalaivala a nyali aku China a LED, ma microcircuits osalongosoka amapezeka nthawi zambiri, osavomerezeka kuwagula. Chipangizo choterocho chimalephera mwamsanga, ndipo sizingatheke kuti zitheke kusinthana ndi zatsopano kapena kubwezera ndalamazo. Malangizo posankha dalaivala wa LED:

• Tengani stabilizer yamakono pamodzi ndi katundu.
• Ganizirani mphamvu ya katundu yomwe idzagwirizane ndi dalaivala.
• Samalani thupi. Iyenera kusonyeza mphamvu, ma voltage ranges (zolowera ndi zotuluka), mtengo wadzidzidzi wa okhazikika pano, kalasi ya chinyezi ndi fumbi.

Mphamvu zoyendetsa galimoto

Mphamvu yamagetsi imadalira kuchuluka kwa ma diode ozungulira komanso dongosolo la kuphatikiza kwawo. Iyenera kukhala yayikulu kuposa kapena yofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chipika chilichonse chamagetsi. Mawonekedwe apano amatsimikiziridwa ndi mphamvu ya zinthu ndi kuwala kwake. Cholinga cha stabilizer ndikupereka ma diode ndi mphamvu zofunikira. Mphamvu zonse za ma LED zimatsimikiziridwa ndi magawo a chinthu chilichonse, chiwerengero chawo ndi mtundu. Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimawerengedwa molingana ndi ndondomekoyi: P = PLED x N, kumene N ndi chiwerengero cha diode mu dera, PLED ndi mphamvu ya diode imodzi. Mtengo wodziwika umatengedwa ndi 20-30% kuposa mphamvu yowerengera: Pmax ≥ (1.2..1.3) * P. Mtundu wa kuwala kwa zinthu umaganiziridwanso. Zimakhudza mphamvu yamagetsi. Imasonyezedwa mwachindunji pa chipangizo kapena pa phukusi. Mwachitsanzo, pali ma LED atatu a 3W. Ndiye mphamvu yonse ndi 9 Watts. Dalaivala wovomerezeka Pmax = 9 x 1.3 = 11.7 watts.

Mtengo

Madalaivala a kuyatsa kwa LED amagulitsidwa m’masitolo amagetsi, pa intaneti, m’malo ogulitsa omwe amagulitsa zigawo za wailesi. Kugula pa intaneti ndikotsika mtengo kwambiri.
Pafupifupi mitengo ya zokhazikika zapano:

• DC12V (mphamvu 18 W, voliyumu yowonjezera 12 V, kutulutsa 100-240 V) – 190 rubles;
• LB0138 (6 W, 45 V, 220 V) – 170 rubles;
• YW-83590 (21 W, 25-35 V, 200-240 V) – 690 rubles;
• LB009 (150 W, 12 V, 170-260 V) – 750 rubles.

PT4115 microcircuit – chosinthira chandalama – chimawononga ma ruble 150 pa chidutswa chilichonse. Zinthu zamphamvu kwambiri zimawononga ma ruble 150 mpaka masauzande angapo.

Makhalidwe ena

Mukamagula driver, samalani ndi izi:

• Mphamvu yamagetsi. Mtengo wake umadalira kuchuluka kwa ma LED mu zowunikira, panjira yamagetsi komanso kutsika kwamagetsi pama semiconductors. Pali zida pamsika zokhala ndi ma voltages kuyambira 2 mpaka 50 V ndi zina zambiri.
• Zovoteledwa panopa. Ziyenera kukhala zokwanira kupereka kuwala koyenera.
• Mtundu wa LED. Zimakhudza kutsika kwamagetsi.

Kudalira kwa magawo amagetsi pamtundu wa ma LED:

Ngati gwero la kuwala lili ndi ma LED atatu oyera a 1 W olumikizidwa mndandanda, mudzafunika dalaivala wokhala ndi voteji ya 9-12 V ndi 350 mA pano. Kutsika kwamagetsi kudutsa makhiristo oyera ndi 3.3 V. Mukagwirizanitsa mndandanda, ma voltages amafotokozedwa mwachidule. Zimakhala 9.9 V, zomwe zimakwaniritsa kuchuluka kwa oyendetsa. Kutengera kusinthidwa, zida zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamitundu ina ya ma LED – imodzi, ziwiri kapena zingapo.

M’moyo watsiku ndi tsiku komanso ma phytolamp, tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito madalaivala nthawi zina. Ndiwokongola komanso otetezeka kuposa opanda frame.

Mwachitsanzo, madalaivala a LED okhala ndi 9918c chip mu nyali ya LED ndi oyenera kuyendetsa nyali zosazimitsa ndikuthandizira mphamvu mpaka 25W.

Kulumikizana kwa oyendetsa

Dalaivala ndiyosavuta kulumikiza ma LED. Pa thupi lake pali zizindikiro zonse zofunika. Magetsi olowera amayikidwa pa malo olowera (INPUT), ndipo ma LED angapo amalumikizidwa ndi ma terminals (OUTPUT). Chinthu chachikulu ndikuwona polarity.

Lowetsani polarity

Ngati dalaivala amayendetsedwa ndi voteji nthawi zonse, mtengo wabwino wa gwero lamagetsi umalumikizidwa ndi terminal yake “+”. Pamagetsi a AC, tcherani khutu pamalembo a malo olowera. Zosankha zolembera:

• “L” ndi “N”. Ikani gawo kuti lituluke “L”. Mutha kuzipeza ndi screwdriver yapadera yamagetsi. Lumikizani waya wosalowerera ku “N” terminal.
• “~”, “AC” kapena palibe chizindikiro. Pankhaniyi, polarity sikofunika, simungathe kuziwona.

Linanena bungwe polarity

Polarity iyenera kuwonedwa nthawi zonse pano. Waya wa “plus” umalumikizidwa ndi anode ya gawo loyamba la semiconductor, waya wa “minus” umalumikizidwa ndi cathode ya diode yomaliza. Kulumikizana kwa dalaivala:
220/12V LED nyali yoyendetsa dera (zolowera / zotulutsa voteji):

Kukonza madalaivala a nyali za LED

Ngati wolamulira wamakono ataya mphamvu yake yochita ntchito zake, izi zingayambitse kuwonongeka kwa ma LED. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuwonongeka kwa nthawi. Kuti muyese dalaivala wa nyali ya LED, 220 V ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazolowera zake. Mpweya wokhazikika uyenera kuwonekera pakupanga kwa dalaivala wogwira ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, mtengo wake udzakhala wokulirapo pang’ono kuposa kuchuluka kwapamwamba komwe kumawonetsedwa papaketi ya chipangizocho. Njirayi ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, koma sizimapangitsa kuweruza thanzi la chipangizocho. Kuti muwone ngati driver akugwira ntchito, chitani izi:

1. Ikani resistor pa linanena bungwe la stabilizer panopa. Kukana kwake kumasankhidwa poganizira zomwe zaperekedwa. Kutsimikiziridwa ndi lamulo la Ohm: R=U/I.
2. Tengani chotsutsa ndi kukana kowerengeka ndi mphamvu yofananira.
3. Mukayika chopinga, yesani mphamvu yotulutsa ndi tester. Ngati sichikupitirira kuchuluka kwa ntchito, chipangizocho chikugwira ntchito bwino.

Njira yachiwiri yofufuzira zolephera zoyendetsa:

1. Ngati chipangizocho chili ndi fusesi, limbani. Woyesa ayenera kusonyeza kuti kukana ndi zero. Ngati kukana kumakhala kopanda malire, sinthani fuyusiyo. Ngati nyali ikuwunikira mutatha kuyatsa maukonde, kukonza kwatha.
2. Ngati fusesi siinawombe, yang’anani kuwonongeka kwina. Onani mlatho wa diode.
3. Ngati chowongolera chikuyenera, muyenera kumasula capacitor yosalala ndikuyiimba. Kukana pang’ono, kukulira pamaso pathu, kukuwonetsa kuthekera kwa capacitor.
4. Kwa dalaivala wosavuta, macheke awa adzakhala okwanira kuti apeze gwero la vuto. Muzovuta zama stabilizer, muyenera kuyimba ma diode onse ndi ma electrolytic capacitors.

Poyesera kupeza kuwonongeka, ganizirani mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito dera:

• Linear. Mu madalaivala amenewa, chitetezo ku madontho voteji ikuchitika ntchito 5-100 Ohm resistors. Kukana kumodzi kumayikidwa pakulowetsa kwa rectifier (mlatho wa diode). Kuti muchepetse kugwedezeka, cholumikizira chachikulu cha electrolytic chimalumikizidwa limodzi ndi katundu.
• Kugunda. Mu otembenuza awa pali ma microcircuits omwe ali ndi chitetezo ku ziwopsezo zonse – kutenthedwa, kuchulukirachulukira ndi kupitilira. Sayenera kusweka, koma zonse zimachitika ndi madalaivala aku China.

Vuto la kukonza madalaivala lagona pazovuta kusankha ma microcircuits olondola. Makamaka ngati stabilizer imapangidwa ku China. Ngati palibe njira yomwe imakulolani kuti mupeze zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa stabilizer yamakono, muyenera kukaonana ndi katswiri. Kapena gulani driver wina.

Kusiyana kwa magetsi

Dalaivala ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito molakwika amayimbira magetsi. Ndipotu, ndi zipangizo zosiyana. Mphamvu yamagetsi imakhazikika voteji, dalaivala – panopa. Ngati ma LED alumikizidwa ndi mphamvu yolakwika, amalephera mwachangu. Mphamvu yamagetsi ikhoza kukhala:

• Transformer. Iwo ali osowa lerolino, monga momwe ambiri amataya kwa opikisana nawo. Chophimba cha transformer chimapanga 12 kapena 24 V kuchokera ku voteji ya 220 V. Kenaka magetsi osinthika amakonzedwanso kukhala osasinthasintha. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa katundu.
• Kugunda. Mwa iwo, magetsi amawongoka nthawi yomweyo – 220 V AC imasinthidwa kukhala 220 V DC. Kenako imapita ku pulse jenereta, yomwe imapanga ma alternating voteji pafupipafupi. Chinthu chomaliza ndi transformer.

Mphamvu zonse ziwiri zimatulutsa mphamvu yamagetsi yofanana. Zida zoterezi sizoyenera ma LED, chifukwa “zimayendetsedwa” ndi magetsi. Ndipo kutsika kwamagetsi pama semiconductors ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zawo. Ngati magawo alembedwa pa LED, mwachitsanzo, 10 mA ndi 2.7 V, izi zikutanthauza kuti kuposa momwe Amperes asonyezedwa sangathe kudutsamo – idzawotcha. Ndi njira yapano ya 10 mA, 2.7 V imatayika pa semiconductor. Uku ndiko kutayika kwenikweni, osati mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imafunikira kuyatsa ma LED.

Momwe mungapangire dalaivala wa LED ndi manja anu?

Pokhala ndi ma microcircuits opangidwa okonzeka, aliyense wokonda wailesi ya novice amatha kusonkhanitsa dalaivala wa ma LED. Pa ntchitoyi, muyenera kuchita zinthu ziwiri – kuwerenga zojambula zamagetsi ndikukhala ndi chitsulo chosungunula. Mwachitsanzo, mutha kusonkhanitsa chokhazikika cha 3 W ma LED pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo cha PowTech – PT4115 (China). Wotembenuza, wopangidwa pamaziko a microcircuit iyi, ali ndi zinthu zochepa komanso zogwira mtima kwambiri. Chosinthira chosavuta kwambiri chamakono chimasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera pa charger ya foni. Zotsatirazi ndi malangizo osonkhanitsa dalaivala wa ma LED atatu a 1W. Kwa ntchito muyenera:

• Chojala chakale cha foni yam’manja. Mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku Samsung – ndi odalirika kwambiri. Magawo a chipangizo – 5 V ndi 700 mA.
• Trimmer resistor ndi kukana kwa 10 kOhm.
• Zinthu zitatu za LED zokhala ndi mphamvu ya 1 W.
• Chingwe chokhala ndi pulagi.

Momwe mungasonkhanitsire driver:

1. Phatikizani charger, samalani kuti musawononge zinthu zake.
2. Gwiritsani ntchito chitsulo chosungunulira kuti mugulitse 5 kΩ resistor polowetsamo. M’malo mwake ndi chopinga chosinthika.
3. Dziwani zotulutsa katundu ndi polarity kuti mugulitse ma LED molondola. Iwo amasonkhanitsidwa kale mu serial circuit.
4. Unsolder kukhudzana kwa chingwe ndi kuika waya ndi pulagi pamenepo. Musanayang’ane ngati stabilizer ikugwira ntchito, onetsetsani kuti zonse zikugwirizana bwino. Ngati mwalakwitsa, pakhoza kukhala dera lalifupi.
5. Sinthani mphamvu yapano ndi chodulira kuti ma LED aziwunikira.
6. Ngati zinthu zotulutsa kuwala zili, yang’anani voteji, panopa, mphamvu ndi tester.

Ngati ma LED akuyatsa, palibe moto kapena utsi, msonkhano udayenda bwino – DIY yanu yakonzeka. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa dalaivala wosankhidwa bwino ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa ntchito yapamwamba komanso ya nthawi yayitali ya magetsi a LED. Njira yodalirika ndiyo kugula chipangizo chodziwika bwino ndi nyali za LED. Ngati mumamvetsetsa mabwalo ndi “abwenzi” okhala ndi chitsulo chosungunulira, mutha kusonkhanitsa dalaivala woyenera pazinthu za LED.